Review on the Research Progress of Natural Source Zone Depletion in LNAPL Contaminated Sites

SUN Lin; ZHANG Min; GUO Caijuan; NING Zhuo; ZHANG Yu; QIN Jun; ZHANG Wei

doi:10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202110110145

Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2022 > 41(5): 704-716. > DOI: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202110110145

SUN Lin, ZHANG Min, GUO Caijuan, NING Zhuo, ZHANG Yu, QIN Jun, ZHANG Wei. Review on the Research Progress of Natural Source Zone Depletion in LNAPL Contaminated Sites[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2022, 41(5): 704-716. DOI: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202110110145

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Review on the Research Progress of Natural Source Zone Depletion in LNAPL Contaminated Sites

1.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2.
Weiming Environmental Molecular Diagnosis Ltd., Analysis Center of Sunan Institute of Peking University, Suzhou 215500, China
3.
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

More Information

Received Date: October 10, 2021
Revised Date: November 23, 2021
Accepted Date: December 07, 2021
Available Online: November 10, 2022

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS
(1) The focus of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) has shifted from electron receptor-mediated biodegradation of pollution plumes in saturated zones to methanogenic degradation in source areas of vadose zones.

(2) Methanogenesis of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and methane oxidation in vadose zones are the key processes of natural source zone depletion (NSZD).

(3) Further studies on NSZD include concretization of conceptual models, improvement of monitoring methods, and better understanding of rate limiting factors.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
Human health risks and potential environmental geological hazards caused by contaminated sites have been paid much attention. Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is recognized as a preferred remediation technique. However, for sites with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), the problem of "tailing rebound" caused by the residue of NAPLs in the source area poses a challenge to the MNA technology. In recent years, the emergence of natural source zone depletion (NSZD) enriches the connotation of MNA remediation, and it is a potential way to solve the problem of "Tailing & Rebound".
OBJECTIVES
To summarize the research process and latest achievements of NSZD for light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) contaminated sites.
METHODS
A comprehensive review was conducted on the literature on NSZD for LNAPL contaminated sites from the end of the 1990's. The conceptual models of vertical zoning natural elimination in LNAPL source areas have been reviewed. The key control factors on NSZD and main scientific and technological challenges for future research have been fully discussed.
RESULTS
The research shows that: (1) since 2000, the research on MNA remediation has gradually shifted from groundwater pollution plume attenuation to natural depletion of vadose zone source areas; (2) The natural elimination process of aeration zones has proved to be the key biological process of NSZD, accounting for 90%-99% of the total mass loss of LNAPLs; (3) biodegradation in the volatilization process of LNAPL is the major research field of NSZD. The following research methods of NSZD are established: (1) the NSZD method can be divided into three parts: LNAPL source area plume identification, qualitative judgment and quantitative estimation; (2) The Concentration Gradient Method, CO₂ Fluxes Method (including Dynamic Closed Chambers and CO₂ Traps) and Thermal Gradient Method are three major methods for quantitative estimation.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the existing research progress and challenges, the key scientific problems to be solved in the application and promotion of NSZD include identifying the composition change of LNAPLs in the source area, clarifying the speed limiting factor for natural elimination in the source area, and developing appropriate monitoring methods for degassing and bubble escape.
- monitored natural attenuation,
- light non-aqueous phase liquid,
- natural source zone depletion,
- methanogenesis,
- methane oxidation

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References (54)

References

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Review on the Research Progress of Natural Source Zone Depletion in LNAPL Contaminated Sites