Construction of Background Values of Arsenic and Mercury and Their Pollution Assessment in Key Intertidal Sediment Cores of China
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摘要:
潮间带沉积物中砷、汞污染会导致该区域的动植物中砷、汞含量超标，严重影响当地植被的生态环境，进一步影响人类的生存安全，因此研究潮间带沉积物中砷、汞含量变化和空间分布具有重要的现实意义。本文选择大辽河口、苏北盐城浅滩、闽江口和珠江口4个潮间带为研究区，对沉积物砷、汞元素含量进行调查与对比研究，为潮间带沉积物砷、汞污染情况提供基础资料。利用原子荧光光谱法测定了研究区沉积物中砷、汞元素含量，选取铁元素作为归一化元素，建立了不同潮间带沉积物砷、汞元素的环境背景值。统计结果表明：砷、汞含量最大值均出现珠江口，分别为42.90mg/kg和0.287mg/kg，大于第一类《海洋沉积物质量标准》中砷的20.0mg/kg标准值和汞的0.2mg/kg标准值。本文采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区砷、汞污染状况进行评价。在砷含量背景值中：珠江口最大值为19.19mg/kg，苏北盐城浅滩为11.02mg/kg，大辽河口为6.42mg/kg，闽江口最小值为2.90mg/kg；在汞含量背景值中：珠江口最大值为0.08mg/kg，其余三个河口均较小，大辽河口为0.03mg/kg，盐城浅滩为0.02mg/kg，闽江口为0.02mg/kg；砷、汞元素本底值最大值均出现在珠江口，最小值位于闽江口；砷元素在4个潮间带沉积物中均属于无污染情况和轻微的潜在生态危害，汞元素在珠江口为中等潜在生态危害，在其他3个潮间带沉积物中为轻微污染或者无污染情况。研究区中4个潮间带沉积物中砷、汞含量呈“南方高，北方低”的分布特征。闽江口和珠江口潮间带沉积物中砷、汞元素含量受人类工农业活动影响较大，因此造成了砷、汞含量呈现“南高北低”的分布特征，且珠江口的砷、汞污染情况较其他潮间带更为严重，亟需加强控制其污染趋势。
要点(1) 中国沿海潮间带的As、Hg含量呈现“南高北低”的空间分布特征。
(2) As、Hg元素环境背景值在珠江口较大，在闽江口较小，说明不同区域潮间带重金属背景值不同。
(3) 中国4个重点潮间带As、Hg污染程度较轻，但闽江口和珠江口受人类工农业活动影响较大。
HIGHLIGHTS(1) The spatial distribution of arsenic and mercury in the intertidal zone along the coast of China is characterized by "high in the south and low in the north".
(2) The environmental background values of arsenic and mercury are higher in the Pearl River (Zhujiang) Estuary and lower in the Minjiang Estuary, indicating that the background values of heavy metals in the intertidal zone vary in different regions.
(3) The four key intertidal zones in China are less polluted with arsenic and mercury, but the Minjiang and Pearl River estuaries are more affected by industrial and agricultural activities.
Abstract:BACKGROUNDThe contamination of arsenic and mercury in intertidal sediments will lead to excessive levels of arsenic and mercury in the flora and fauna of the region, which will seriously affect the ecological environment of local vegetation and further affect the survival and safety of human beings. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the changes in the contents and spatial distribution of arsenic and mercury in intertidal sediments.
OBJECTIVESTo investigate the contents of arsenic and mercury in sediments, so as to provide basic information on the pollution of arsenic and mercury in intertidal sediments.
METHODSThe contents of arsenic and mercury in the sediments of the study area were determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), and iron was selected as the normalized element to establish the environmental background values of arsenic and mercury elements in different intertidal sediments. The geoaccumulation index method and potential ecological hazard index method were used to evaluate the pollution status of arsenic and mercury in the study area.
RESULTSBackground value of arsenic content: Minjiang Estuary (2.90mg/kg) < Daliao Estuary (6.42mg/kg) < Yancheng Shoal in northern Jiangsu (11.02mg/kg) < Pearl River Estuary (19.19mg/kg). Background value of mercury content: maximum in Pearl River Estuary (0.08mg/kg), less in Daliao Estuary, Yancheng shoal and Minjiang Estuary (0.02mg/kg, 0.02mg/kg, 0.03mg/kg, respectively). The maximum values of background values of arsenic and mercury were both found in the Pearl River Estuary, and the minimum values were located in the Minjiang Estuary. The maximum values of arsenic and mercury of sediments were both found in the Pearl River Estuary, which were 42.90mg/kg and 0.287mg/kg, respectively, and were greater than the first class of Marine Sediment Quality Standard (arsenic: 20.0mg/kg; mercury: 0.2mg/kg). Arsenic belonged to no pollution and slight potential ecological hazards in the four intertidal sediments. Mercury was a medium potential ecological hazard in the Pearl River Estuary, and slight pollution or no pollution in the other three intertidal sediments.
CONCLUSIONSThe distribution of arsenic and mercury in the sediments of the four intertidal zones in the study area is characterized by "high in the south and low in the north". The arsenic and mercury contents in the intertidal sediments of Minjiang and Pearl River estuaries are more influenced by industrial and agricultural activities, thus causing the distribution features. The pollution of arsenic and mercury in the Pearl River Estuary is more serious than other intertidal areas, so it is urgent to strengthen the control of their pollution trends.
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图 1 研究区内中国4个重点河口潮间带空间分布图
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of intertidal zone in four key estuaries of China in the study area
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图 2 四个潮间带沉积物中砷、汞含量垂向分布特征
Figure 2. Vertical distribution characteristics of As and Hg contents in four intertidal sediments
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图 3 大辽河口潮间带沉积物中(a)As、(b)Hg含量与TFe2O3含量相关性
Figure 3. Correlation between (a)As, (b)Hg content and TFe2O3 content in intertidal sediments of the Daliao Estuary
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图 4 盐城浅滩潮间带沉积物中(a)As、(b)Hg含量与TFe2O3含量相关性
Figure 4. Correlation between (a) As, (b) Hg content and TFe2O3 content in intertidal sediments of the Yancheng Shoal
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图 5 闽江口潮间带沉积物中(a)As、(b)Hg含量与TFe2O3含量相关性
Figure 5. Correlation between (a) As, (b) Hg content and TFe2O3 content in intertidal sediments of the Minjiang Estuary
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图 6 珠江口潮间带沉积物中(a)As、(b)Hg含量与TFe2O3含量相关性
Figure 6. Correlation between (a) As, (b) Hg content and TFe2O3 content in intertidal sediments of the Pearl River Estuary
表 1 Eri范围与潜在生态危害程度关系[30]
Table 1 Relationship between Eri range and potential ecological hazard degree[30]
Eri范围 污染程度 RI范围 污染程度 Eri＜40 轻微生态危害 RI＜150 轻微生态危害 40≤Eri＜80 中等生态危害 150≤RI＜300 中等生态危害 80≤Eri＜160 较高生态危害 300≤RI＜600 较高生态危害 160≤Eri＜320 高生态危害 300≤RI 很高生态危害 320≤Eri 极高生态危害 
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表 2 不同研究区砷汞含量统计
Table 2 Statistics of As and Hg contents in different study areas
元素 沉积物采样区域 样品数量(件) 最小值(mg/kg) 最大值(mg/kg) 平均值(mg/kg) 标准偏差(mg/kg) As 大辽河口 35 3.21 14.42 8.48 2.90 盐城浅滩 35 4.92 14.18 8.95 2.49 闽江口 33 3.19 11.70 5.10 2.29 珠江口 34 15.51 42.90 24.68 6.28 Hg 大辽河口 35 0.008 0.126 0.061 0.035 盐城浅滩 34 0.002 0.023 0.011 0.005 闽江口 32 0.013 0.099 0.044 0.024 珠江口 34 0.014 0.287 0.126 0.061
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表 3 中国4个典型潮间带砷和汞背景值结果
Table 3 Results of background values of As and Hg in four typical intertidal zones in China
沉积物采样区域 TFe2O3平均含量(mg/kg) As背景值(mg/kg) Hg背景值(mg/kg) 大辽河口 2.92 6.42 0.03 盐城浅滩 4.67 11.02 0.02 福建闽江口 1.73 2.90 0.02 广东珠江口 4.52 19.19 0.08
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表 4 研究区潮间带沉积物中砷、汞地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态危害指数(Eri)
Table 4 Igeo and Eri values for As and Hg in four typical intertidal zones in China
沉积物采样区域 地累积指数(Igeo) 潜在生态危害指数(Eri) As Hg As Hg 大辽河口 -0.17 0.13 13.97 78.79 盐城浅滩 -0.73 -0.88 9.15 35.44 福建闽江口 -0.30 -0.22 14.36 105.03 广东珠江口 -0.27 -0.13 12.67 58.30
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