The Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Typical Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater from a Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation Area in Beijing

CHEN Dian; ZHANG Zhaohe; ZHAO Wei; LI Jun; JIAO Xingchun

doi:10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202111300190

Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2022 > 41(3): 499-510. > DOI: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202111300190

CHEN Dian, ZHANG Zhaohe, ZHAO Wei, LI Jun, JIAO Xingchun. The Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Typical Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater from a Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation Area in Beijing[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2022, 41(3): 499-510. DOI: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202111300190

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The Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Typical Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater from a Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation Area in Beijing

CHEN Dian^{1, 2,},
ZHANG Zhaohe^{1, 2},
ZHAO Wei³,
LI Jun²,
JIAO Xingchun^1, ,

1.
National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
2.
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3.
Beijing Hydrogeological Engineering Geological Brigade, Beijing 100195, China

More Information

Received Date: November 29, 2021
Revised Date: December 11, 2021
Accepted Date: January 23, 2022
Available Online: July 28, 2022

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS
(1) Ten perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater in the southern suburbs of Beijing were determined using solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The detection rate of perfluorocarboxylic acid compounds was above 90%, whereas that of perfluorosulfonic acid was only between 56% and 76% with dominant short and medium chains.

(2) PFCs in groundwater in the southeast suburbs of Beijing was much lower than that in fluorochemical industrial park and similar to that in rural southeast areas, and the PFCs declined with the increase of well depth.

(3) The landfill in the middle of the irrigated area contributed to the pollution level of PFCs in groundwater within 5km, but it had no ecological risk.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been extensively studied in recent years due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. However, most of the studies are concentrated in surface water with high concentration of PFCs in rivers, sewage and lakes, while few studies explore the status of PFCs pollution in groundwater.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the content, distribution and ecological risk of typical PFCs compounds in groundwater in the reclaimed water irrigation area of Beijing.
METHODS
52 groundwater samples were collected from the reclaimed water irrigation area in May to June 2020 and were analyzed by solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
RESULTS
The results showed that 10 target PFCs including perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSAs) were detected in groundwater in Beijing, with a concentration of 1.07-24.19ng/L. Among them, the highest detected concentration of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) averaged 2.94ng/L, 2.88ng/L and 1.15ng/L, respectively. The concentration of ∑PFCs in this study was relatively low compared to the groundwater from the fluorochemical industrial park, which was related to the mostly farmland location of the observation wells in the study area. After observing the performance of PFCs in shallow wells (< 50m) and deep wells (>50m), it was found that the concentration of PFCs decreased significantly with increasing well depth. In addition, in view of the spatial distribution of groundwater PFCs in the whole region, the concentration of groundwater PFCs around the landfill was significantly high and decreased with increasing distance from the landfill, indicating that the landfill had a certain contribution to the pollution of surrounding groundwater PFCs.
CONCLUSIONS
By calculating the risk quotient of PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFBA, the landfill has not posed an ecological risk to the surrounding environment. However, in view of the concealment and persistence of groundwater PFCs, it is recommended to carry out continuous regular monitoring and evaluation.

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The Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Typical Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater from a Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation Area in Beijing

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