• Core Journal of China
  • DOAJ
  • Scopus
  • Chinese Scientific and Technical Papers and Citations (CSTPC)
  • Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
CHEN Dian, ZHANG Zhaohe, ZHAO Wei, LI Jun, JIAO Xingchun. The Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Typical Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater from a Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation Area in Beijing[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2022, 41(3): 499-510. DOI: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202111300190
Citation: CHEN Dian, ZHANG Zhaohe, ZHAO Wei, LI Jun, JIAO Xingchun. The Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Typical Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater from a Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation Area in Beijing[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2022, 41(3): 499-510. DOI: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202111300190

The Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Typical Perfluorinated Compounds in Groundwater from a Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation Area in Beijing

More Information
  • Received Date: November 29, 2021
  • Revised Date: December 11, 2021
  • Accepted Date: January 23, 2022
  • Available Online: July 28, 2022
  • HIGHLIGHTS
    (1) Ten perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater in the southern suburbs of Beijing were determined using solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The detection rate of perfluorocarboxylic acid compounds was above 90%, whereas that of perfluorosulfonic acid was only between 56% and 76% with dominant short and medium chains.
    (2) PFCs in groundwater in the southeast suburbs of Beijing was much lower than that in fluorochemical industrial park and similar to that in rural southeast areas, and the PFCs declined with the increase of well depth.
    (3) The landfill in the middle of the irrigated area contributed to the pollution level of PFCs in groundwater within 5km, but it had no ecological risk.
    BACKGROUND

    Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been extensively studied in recent years due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. However, most of the studies are concentrated in surface water with high concentration of PFCs in rivers, sewage and lakes, while few studies explore the status of PFCs pollution in groundwater.

    OBJECTIVES

    To investigate the content, distribution and ecological risk of typical PFCs compounds in groundwater in the reclaimed water irrigation area of Beijing.

    METHODS

    52 groundwater samples were collected from the reclaimed water irrigation area in May to June 2020 and were analyzed by solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

    RESULTS

    The results showed that 10 target PFCs including perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSAs) were detected in groundwater in Beijing, with a concentration of 1.07-24.19ng/L. Among them, the highest detected concentration of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) averaged 2.94ng/L, 2.88ng/L and 1.15ng/L, respectively. The concentration of ∑PFCs in this study was relatively low compared to the groundwater from the fluorochemical industrial park, which was related to the mostly farmland location of the observation wells in the study area. After observing the performance of PFCs in shallow wells (< 50m) and deep wells (>50m), it was found that the concentration of PFCs decreased significantly with increasing well depth. In addition, in view of the spatial distribution of groundwater PFCs in the whole region, the concentration of groundwater PFCs around the landfill was significantly high and decreased with increasing distance from the landfill, indicating that the landfill had a certain contribution to the pollution of surrounding groundwater PFCs.

    CONCLUSIONS

    By calculating the risk quotient of PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFBA, the landfill has not posed an ecological risk to the surrounding environment. However, in view of the concealment and persistence of groundwater PFCs, it is recommended to carry out continuous regular monitoring and evaluation.

  • [1]
    Yasuyuki Z, Jonathan N H, Shigeki M, et al. Progress and perspective of perfluorinated compound risk assessment and management in various countries and institutes[J]. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2012, 14(1): 9-20. doi: 10.1007/s10098-011-0375-z
    [2]
    高杰, 李文超, 李广贺, 等. 北京部分地区地下水中全氟化合物的污染水平初探[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2016, 11(2): 355-363. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STDL201602042.htm

    Gao J, Li W C, Li G H, et al. Preliminary investigation on perfluorinated compounds in groundwater in some areas of Beijing, China[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016, 11(2): 355-363. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STDL201602042.htm
    [3]
    Zhu Z Y, Wang T Y, Meng J, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances in the Daling River with concentrated fluorine industries in China: Seasonal variation, mass flow, and risk assessment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015, 22(13): 10009-10018. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4189-0
    [4]
    United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Stockholm convention on persistent organic polutants adoption of amendments to annexes A, B and C[R/OL]. (2009-01-01)[2015-11-26]. http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NewPOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/672/Default.aspx.
    [5]
    武倩倩, 吴强, 宋帅, 等. 天津市主要河流和土壤中全氟化合物空间分布、来源及风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(8): 3682-3694. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202108013.htm

    Wu Q Q, Wu Q, Song S, et al. Distribution, sources, and risk assessment of polyfluoroalkyl substances in main rivers and soils of Tianjin[J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(8): 3682-3694. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202108013.htm
    [6]
    Croce L, Coperchini F, Tonacchera M, et al. Effect of long- and short-chain perfluorinated compounds on cultured thyroid cells viability and response to TSH[J]. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2019, 42(11): 1329-1335. doi: 10.1007/s40618-019-01062-1
    [7]
    张德勇, 许晓路. 全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)类有机污染物在生物体中的污染现状[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2010, 5(5): 639-646. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STDL201005006.htm

    Zhang D Y, Xu X L. Review on perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS) contamination of organisms[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2010, 5(5): 639-646. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STDL201005006.htm
    [8]
    Yao Y M, Chang S, Sun H W, et al. Neutral and ionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in atmospheric and dry deposition samples over a source region (Tianjin, China)[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 212: 449-456. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.023
    [9]
    Gang P, Qin Z, Xuan L, et al. Distribution of perfluorinated compounds in Lake Taihu (China): Impact to human health and water standards[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 487: 778-784. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.100
    [10]
    Fagbayigbo B O, Opeolu B O, Fatoki O S, et al. Validation and determination of nine PFCS in surface water and sediment samples using UPLC-QTOF-MS[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018, 190(6): 346-363. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-6715-2
    [11]
    Dalahmeh S, Tirgani S, Komakech A J, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, soil and plants in wetlands and agricultural areas in Kampala, Uganda[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 631-632: 660-667. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.024
    [12]
    Fang S H, Chen X W, Zhao S Y, et al. Trophic magnification and isomer fractionation of perfluoroalkyl substances in the food web of Taihu Lake, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(4): 2173-2182.
    [13]
    侯沙沙, 王晓晨, 谢琳娜, 等. 氟工厂附近青少年体内全氟化合物(PFASs)暴露特征分析及其与性征发育水平关联性初探[J]. 环境化学, 2020, 39(4): 931-940. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX202004010.htm

    Hou S S, Wang X C, Xie L N, et al. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and association with the level of pubertal development of adolescents near a flurochemical plant[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, 39(4): 931-940. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX202004010.htm
    [14]
    Dai J Y, Li M, Jin Y H, et al. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and periluorooctanoate in red panda and giant panda from China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(18): 5647-5652.
    [15]
    Strynar M J, Lindstrom A B, Nakayam S F, et al. Pilot scale application of a method for the analysis of perfluorinated compounds in surface soils[J]. Chemosphere, 2012, 86(3): 252-257. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.036
    [16]
    郑宇, 路国慧, 邵鹏威, 等. 青藏高原东部过渡区水环境中全氟化合物的分布特征[J]. 环境化学, 2020, 39(5): 1192-1201. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX202005004.htm

    Zheng Y, Lu G H, Shao P W, et al. Level and distribution of perfluorinated compounds in snow andwater samples from the transition zone in eastern Qinghai—Tibet[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, 39(5): 1192-1201. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX202005004.htm
    [17]
    Craig M B, Urs B, Rossana B, et al. Levels and trends of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the arctic environment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(15): 2936-2965. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.015
    [18]
    Brittany S, Megumi S S, Rosa I S G, et al. Isomers of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and sediment from the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, USA[J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 262: 128359.
    [19]
    Lutz A, Sachi T, Leo W Y, et al. Distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment from Tokyo Bay, Japan[J]. Chemosphere, 2010, 79(3): 226-272.
    [20]
    Chen H, Sun R J, Zhang C, et al. Occurrence, spatial and temporal distributions of perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater, seawater and sediment from Bohai Sea, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 219: 389-398. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.017
    [21]
    Meng J, Wang T Y, Sun S, et al. Tracing perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils along the urbanizing coastal area of Bohai and Yellow Seas, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 238(7): 404-412.
    [22]
    Zhou Z, Liang Y, Shi Y L, et al. Occurrence and transport of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs): Including short-chain PFAAs in Tangxun Lake, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(16): 9249-9257.
    [23]
    周珍, 胡宇宁, 史亚利, 等. 武汉地区水环境中全氟化合物污染水平及其分布特征[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2017, 12(3): 425-433. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STDL201703042.htm

    Zhou Z, Hu Y N, Shi Y L, et al. Occurrence and distribution of per-and polufluoroalkyl substances in waste water and surface water samples in Wuhan[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(3): 425-433. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STDL201703042.htm
    [24]
    Michio M, Keisuke K, Nobuyuki S, et al. Groundwater pollution by perfluorinated surfactants in Tokyo[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(10): 3480-3486.
    [25]
    Yao Y M, Zhu H K, Li B, et al. Distribution and primary source analysis of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances with different chain lengths in surface and groundwater in two cities, North China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014, 108: 318-328. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.021
    [26]
    Zhu X B, Jin L, Yang J P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids in the water cycle from a freshwater river basin to coastal waters in eastern China[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 168: 390-398. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.088
    [27]
    Kerstin W, Robin V, Urs B, et al. Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): A critical review[J]. Emerging Contaminants, 2017, 3(2): 55-68. doi: 10.1016/j.emcon.2017.05.001
    [28]
    Li M L, Yi S J, Chen P Y, et al. Thyroid endocrine disruption effects of perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids on zebrafish at early development[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 676: 290-297. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.177
    [29]
    Xiao Y, Gu X M, Yin S Y, et al. Investigation of geochemical characteristics and controlling processes of groundwater in a typical long-term reclaimed water usearea[J]. Water, 2017, 9(10): 800. doi: 10.3390/w9100800
    [30]
    马闯, 杨军, 雷梅, 等. 北京市再生水灌溉对地下水的重金属污染风险[J]. 地理研究, 2012, 31(12): 2250-2258. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLYJ201212013.htm

    Ma C, Yang J, Lei M, et al. Assessing the effect of reclaimed water irrigation on groundwater pollution of heavy metals in Beijing[J]. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(12): 2250-2258. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLYJ201212013.htm
    [31]
    朴海涛, 陈舒, 焦杏春, 等. 大运河丰水期水体中全氟化合物的分布[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016, 36(10): 3040-3047. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.10.029

    Piao H T, Shu C, Jiao X C, et al. Geographical distribution of perfluorinated compounds in waters along the Grand Canal during wet season[J]. Chinese Environmental Science, 2016, 36(10): 3040-3047. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.10.029
    [32]
    So M K, Miyake Y, Yeung W Y, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China[J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 68(11): 2085-2095. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.008
    [33]
    Sachi T, Kurunthachalam K, Leo W Y Y, et al. Analysis of trifluoroacetic acid and other short-chain perfluorinated acids (C2-C4) in precipitation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Comparison to patterns of long-chain perfluorinated acids (C5-C18)[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008, 619(2): 221-230. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.064
    [34]
    刘庆. 珠三角地区典型污染源及地下水中全氟化合物的分布特征研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州交通大学, 2014.

    Liu Q. Occurrence antidistribution of perfluorinated compounds in typical pollution sources and groundwater in the Pearl River Delta[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 2014.
    [35]
    Chen S, Jiao X C, Gai N, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in soil, surface water, and groundwater from rural areas in eastern China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 211: 124-131. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.024
    [36]
    Liu Z Y, Lu Y L, Wang T Y, et al. Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China[J]. Environment International, 2016, 91: 69-77. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.020
    [37]
    Bao J, Liu W, Liu L, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in the environment and the blood of residents living near fluorochemical plants in Fuxin, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(19): 8075-8080.
    [38]
    王晓伟. 北方某典型活动区地下水中PBDEs/PFASs的污染特征[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2017, 40(7): 79-85. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FJKS201707013.htm

    Wang X W. PBDEs/PFASs residues in groundwater of a typical agricultural region in North China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 40(7): 79-85. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FJKS201707013.htm
    [39]
    Rodrigo A N, Deborah B O N, Ekhine B, et al. Sulflura-mid use in Brazilian agriculture: A source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 242(Part B): 1436-1443.
    [40]
    Huang T M, Ma B Q, Pang Z H, et al. How does precipitation recharge groundwater in loess aquifers?Evidence from multiple environmental tracers[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2020, 583(C): 124532.
    [41]
    Xiao F, Matt F S, Thomas R H, et al. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in soils and groundwater of a U.S. metropolitan area: Migration and implications for human exposure[J]. Water Research, 2015, 72: 64-74. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.052
    [42]
    Jan B, Lutz A, Renate S, et al. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in landfill leachates[J]. Environment Pollution, 2010, 158(5): 1467-1471. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.031
    [43]
    Yan H, Cousins I T, Zhang C J, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids in municipal landfill leachates from China: Occurrence, fate during leachate treatment and potential impact on groundwater[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 524: 23-31.
    [44]
    杜国勇, 蒋小萍, 卓丽, 等. 长江流域重庆段水体中全氟化合物的污染特征及风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2019, 28(11): 2266-2272. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRYJ201911016.htm

    Du G Y, Jiang X P, Zhuo L, et al. Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of perfluorinated compounds in surface water from Chongqing Section of the Yangtze River[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 28(11): 2266-2272. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRYJ201911016.htm
    [45]
    乔肖翠, 赵兴茹, 郭睿, 等. 典型岩溶区水环境中全氟化合物分布特征及风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究, 2019, 32(12): 2148-2156. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKX201912026.htm

    Qiao X C, Zhao X R, Guo R, et al. Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water environment in typical karst region[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 32(12): 2148-2156. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKX201912026.htm
  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(11)

    1. 金宵卉,阎妮. 全氟及多氟烷基化合物前体物质在环境中迁移与转化行为研究进展. 水文地质工程地质. 2024(02): 35-49 .
    2. 高珂,辛晓东,许伟颖,刘红,逯南南,贾瑞宝. 全氟和多氟化合物在水中赋存特征与去除技术研究进展. 济南大学学报(自然科学版). 2024(03): 312-319 .
    3. 朱清禾,钱佳浩,杨洁. 中国土壤与地下水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物分布现状. 环境污染与防治. 2024(06): 908-916 .
    4. 黄潇,赖俊蓓,梁耀匀,朱高鸣,于江华,高静思. 再生水中新兴微量污染物赋存及在河道补水中的迁移转化. 环境工程. 2024(07): 25-37 .
    5. 张晓蕾,李慧珍,游静. 珠江广州段水体中全/多氟烷基化合物的空间和季节分布特征. 分析测试学报. 2024(08): 1204-1211 .
    6. 赵淑莉,陈少坤,于秀豪,汪海林. 美丽中国建设过程中重点关注的新污染物监测研究. 中国环境科学. 2024(08): 4576-4587 .
    7. 杨蕾,陈银川,邹霞,马典云. 典型化工园区污水处理厂排污口重点管控新污染物调查及风险评估. 净水技术. 2024(12): 136-147 .
    8. 孟瑞芳,杨会峰,白华,徐步云. 海河流域大清河平原区地下水化学特征及演化规律分析. 岩矿测试. 2023(02): 383-395 . 本站查看
    9. 李青倩,李丽和,王锦,胡造时,闭潇予,黄宁. 新污染物的污染现状及其检测方法研究进展. 应用化工. 2023(07): 2202-2206 .
    10. 于开宁,王润忠,刘丹丹. 水环境中新污染物快速检测技术研究进展. 岩矿测试. 2023(06): 1063-1077 . 本站查看
    11. 李昂,吕梦冉,庞长泷,龙斌. 水中全氟/多氟化合物微生物去除技术研究进展. 给水排水. 2023(S2): 821-829 .

    Other cited types(6)

Catalog

    Article views (286) PDF downloads (32) Cited by(17)

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return