A Method for Observation of Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Generation Materials in Electron Probe Thin Sections of Black Source Rock by the Reflected-light Viewing System of a Polarized Optical Microscope
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7油层组的黑色泥岩、油页岩等黑色生油岩薄片中的生烃母质,因黑色石油、沥青等黑色有机质的覆盖或不透明,导致其在偏光显微镜透射光系统下观察常局部或整体呈现为黑色。因此,建立一种黑色生油岩薄片中生烃母质有效观察的方法,对致密油、页岩油的生烃研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文提出了一种利用电子探针薄片和偏光显微镜的反射光系统观察黑色生油岩中生烃母质特征的方法。该方法能够克服黑色生油岩薄片中生烃母质因被黑色有机质覆盖或不透明,而在偏光显微镜的透射光系统下局部或整体呈黑色的弊端,能够对生烃母质的大小、形态、结构、分布和物质成分等特征进行整体且清晰的观察。实践表明,本文提出的利用偏光显微镜反射光系统观察黑色生油岩电子探针薄片中生烃母质特征的方法,简单有效,易在致密油、页岩油的生烃研究领域推广使用。
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关键词:
- 黑色生油岩 /
- 黑色有机质 /
- 生烃母质 /
- 偏光显微镜反射光系统 /
- 电子探针薄片
要点(1) 分析了观察黑色生油岩中生烃母质存在的问题。
(2) 提出了一种利用电子探针薄片和偏光显微镜的反射光系统,观察黑色生油岩中生烃母质特征的方法。
(3) 对比分析电子探针薄片中的生烃母质在偏光显微镜透射光、反射光系统下的特征,论证方法的可行性。
HIGHLIGHTS(1) The problems of observation of hydrocarbon generation materials in black source rock were discussed.
(2) A method for observation of characteristics of hydrocarbon generation materials in electron probe thin sections of black source rock by the reflected-light viewing system of a polarized optical microscope was proposed.
(3) The feasibility of the method was demonstrated, through comparative analysis of observation characteristics of hydrocarbon generation materials in electron probe thin sections of black source rock by reflected-light and transmitted-light viewing system of a polarized optical microscope.
Abstract:BACKGROUNDThe hydrocarbon generation materials in thin sections of black source rocks (such as black mudstone, oil shale), from the Chang 7 Member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, are often partially or entirely black under the transmitted-light viewing system of a polarized optical microscope, because they are covered by black organic matter (such as oil, asphaltene) or opaque.OBJECTIVESTo put forward an effective method to observe the hydrocarbon generation materials in thin sections of black source rock.METHODSA method for observation of characteristics of hydrocarbon generation materials of black source rock was proposed, using the reflected-light viewing system of a polarized optical microscope on electron probe thin sections.RESULTSThe method can overcome the problem that hydrocarbon generation materials in thin section were covered by black organic matter or were opaque. The size, shape, structure, distribution of hydrocarbon generation materials and composition can be entirely and clearly observed in thin sections of black source rock.CONCLUSIONSIn the long-term test, it has been proved that the method for observation of characteristics of hydrocarbon generation material in thin sections of black source rock by the reflected-light viewing system of a polarized optical microscope is simple and effective, and can be easily used in the study of hydrocarbon generation of tight oil and shale oil. -
江西西北部是我国重要的铌钽铍锂稀有金属成矿区之一,该地区锂及稀有金属矿成矿地质条件优越,区内产有闻名全国的宜春414、同安等超大型稀有金属矿床及众多含锂瓷石矿床[1],且矿床类型较多。赣西北地区的稀有金属成矿作用主要集中于两个地区[2-4]:①武功山成矿带,414特大型稀有金属矿床就产于其中,该成矿带的稀有金属成矿作用与雅山花岗岩有关,岩体位于武功山复背斜的北东端南东翼;②九岭成矿带,稀有金属矿化发生在燕山期花岗岩浆活动晚阶段形成的碱长花岗岩及更晚期的细晶花岗岩脉中,这类矿化岩体进一步可分为铁锂云母-(锂)白云母碱长花岗岩、锂云母碱长花岗岩和花岗细晶岩脉等。自2012年以来,中国地质调查局设立三稀项目,继续把这一带作为重点工作区,开展综合研究和重点评价,期望取得找矿新进展。
华南重点矿集区稀有稀散和稀土矿产调查项目组对位于江西九岭山东南侧的宜丰、上高等地的二云母碱长花岗岩、锂(白)云母碱长花岗岩、黄玉锂云母碱长花岗岩开展了野外调查,并结合实验室综合研究尤其是镜下鉴定、电子探针和化学分析,发现了磷锂铝石、锂云母、绿柱石、富钽锡石、铌钽铁矿-钽铌铁矿系列矿物,初步证明了可利用工业矿物的存在。
磷锂铝石是一种含锂和铝的磷酸盐矿物,标准化学式为LiAl[PO4](F),其中Li可被Na置换,F可被(OH)置换而逐渐变为羟磷锂铝石[5]。磷锂铝石在稀有金属花岗伟晶岩中较常见[6],晶体粗大,有的以米来度量。这种矿物的特点之一是Li2O含量很高,一般可达10%,高于常见的锂矿物锂辉石(Li2O含量7%),因而是一种重要的工业锂矿物。本次工作在九岭成矿带首次发现的磷锂铝石,在二云母碱长花岗岩、锂(白)云母碱长花岗岩、黄玉-锂云母碱长花岗岩中均有出现,其在黄玉-锂云母碱长花岗岩中的含量更是高达4%~5%,可列为造岩矿物。镜下观察磷锂铝石多为半自形板柱状,晶体一般在0.2~0.8 mm,有时可见极细密的聚片双晶,正突起低至中度,正交偏光下干涉色均在一级顶部。电子探针和LA-ICP-MS分析表明其主要成分Al2O3含量变化于35.90%~39.09%,平均值37.59%;P2O5含量变化于45.34%~50.95%,平均值48.81%;Li2O含量变化于7.41%~11.55%,平均值9.58%。
锂(白)云母在九岭成矿带也是广泛分布的一种矿物,镜下观察呈片状,形成晚于长石,数量在9%左右,最高可达15%。LA-ICP-MS分析表明锂(白)云母中的Li2O含量约4.5%,因其在岩石中的含量较高,因而也是九岭地区重要的锂工业矿物。
绿柱石又称“绿宝石”,是铍-铝硅酸盐矿物,在九岭成矿带稀有金属花岗岩中属首次发现,主要见于二云母碱长花岗岩和黄玉锂云母碱长花岗岩中。在薄片中矿物的切面恰好垂直于C轴方向而呈均质体,属岩浆结晶产物。本次九岭地区绿柱石的发现表明本地区铍矿可能也具有一定找矿潜力。
锡石在九岭地区也普遍存在,主要见于黄玉-锂云母碱长花岗岩中。晶体较铌钽矿物粗大,分布于长石、云母粒间,有时也与黄玉关系密切。本地区含锂花岗岩中的锡石的Fe、Mn、Mg和Ti含量均不高,但Nb、Ta含量较高,尤其是Ta含量高达8.68%。锡石的发现不但为进一步寻找钽矿提供了线索,也为九岭山乃至区域上寻找锡矿提供了依据。
铌钽矿物主要见于黄玉-锂云母碱长花岗岩中,含量不高,但普遍存在;据电子探针分析,属于铌钽氧化物中的铌钽铁矿族,既有富钽矿物,也有富铌矿物,总体上Ta和Mn呈正相关,所以富钽矿物均为铌钽锰矿。富铌矿物既有钽铌锰矿,也有钽铌铁矿,属于岩浆晚期富挥发组分结晶分异的成因。
赣西北地区的稀有金属成矿作用主要集中于武功山成矿带和九岭成矿带,以往的工作多集中在武功山成矿带,相对来说九岭成矿带的研究程度较低,尤其是矿物学的认识少。本次工作对九岭成矿带与稀有金属成矿关系密切且广泛分布的二云母碱长花岗岩、锂(白)云母碱长花岗岩、黄玉锂云母碱长花岗岩开展研究,发现了重要含锂矿物——磷锂铝石的大量存在,以及绿柱石、富钽锡石、铌钽铁矿、钽铌铁矿等工业稀有金属矿物及相关金属矿物的普遍存在,为该地区Li、Be、Ta及Sn的找矿工作部署提供了直接依据。另外,研究表明黄玉、萤石等富含B、P络合剂元素的矿物在九岭成矿带也常见,可作为找矿标志矿物。
近两年来国内外对硬岩型锂矿的研究与勘查高度关注[7-9],而磷锂铝石型锂矿类型的查证及开发利用将有助于改变锂矿资源的格局,为新兴产业的发展提供新的资源保障。
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7油层组黑色生油岩特征
a—黄269井,2508.80m,灰黑色粉砂质泥岩;b—白522井,1949.22m,黑色泥岩;c—陕西省铜川市金锁关镇霸王庄剖面黑色油页岩;d—c的白色方框内的岩性特征,见黑色油页岩夹浅灰褐色粉砂级晶屑凝灰岩;e—d的白色方框内的电子探针薄片特征;f—(-)(电子探针薄片在偏光显微镜透射光系统下的单偏光特征) e的下部白色方框内整体呈黑色。
Figure 1. Characteristics of the black source rock of the Chang 7 Member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7油层组黑色生油岩电子探针薄片中的生烃母质特征
a—(-)图 1e的上部白色方框内的单偏光特征;b—(-、反)(即电子探针薄片在偏光显微镜反射光系统下的单偏光特征)a的反射光特征;c—(-)图 1a电子探针薄片的单偏光特征;d—(-、反) c的反射光特征;e—(-)图 1b电子探针薄片的单偏光特征;f—(-、反) e的反射光特征。
Figure 2. Characteristics of hydrocarbon generation material in the electron microprobe thin section of black source rock of the Chang 7 Member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin
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