The International Database for Certified Reference Materials (COMAR)
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摘要:
有证标准物质(CRMs)是具有准确量值的测量标准，在分析方法研究和评价、定性和定量分析、矿产勘查、仲裁检验、质量监督检验等领域发挥着重要的作用。20世纪80年代成立的国际标准物质数据库(COMAR)是目前国际上最大的CRMs数据库，收录来自25个成员国274个生产机构提供的CRMs数量超过10200种。本文从CRMs的数量、分类、发展变化等角度全面评述了国际数据库COMAR，阐述了欧盟组织、美国、中国、日本、澳大利亚等成员国的标准物质研究情况。英、美、法、德等国家的标准物质研究开展较早，研究水平高，处于世界领先地位；中国、日本等亚洲国家标准物质的发展虽起步晚，但发展迅速，已成为向COMAR提供CRMs最多的两个国家，分别为1194种和1456种(截至2013年8月)。COMAR建立以来，工业、有色金属和物理特性三大传统应用领域的CRMs占COMA数据库总CRMs的份额一直较大，比例始终保持50%以上，其中工业领域的CRMs数量最多，占19%；有机、生物与临床类CRMs所占份额最少，仅为7%和3%。随着社会需求的增加，生物与临床、生活质量领域标准物质成为未来标准物质发展的热点方向。本文指出，未来标准物质的发展将由过去的钢铁、有色金属、物理特性等传统领域逐渐转向食品安全、环境保护、气候变化、临床医学、制药产业、生物能源等新兴领域，标准物质的研究制备、定值及不确定度将面临新的技术挑战。
Abstract:Certified reference materials (CRMs) are standard materials with certified quantity values，playing important roles in development and assessment of analytical methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis, mineral exploration, arbitration inspection, quality supervision and inspection. The Code d′Indexation des Matériaux de Référence (COMAR), founded in the 1980s, is now the largest international database for CRMs. It contains over 10200 CRMs provided by 274 institutions from 25 member countries so as to integrate superior resources. The CRMs′ quantity, classification and development variation, as well as the current research situation of CRMs in member countries such as the European Union, America, China, Japan and Australia are presented in detail. Countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and Germany developed the CRMs research early, and kept ranking international top with high research level. Asian countries like China and Japan started CRMs research late, but developed fast, and now become the top two CRMs providers in COMAR with the respective amount of CRMs up to 1194 and 1456 by August 2013. Since the establishment of COMAR, CRMs in three traditional application fields including industries, non-ferrous, and physical properties have been a large proportion of the total quantity of CRMs in COMAR, which is up to 50%. Among them, the field of industries had the largest quantity of CRMs, accounting for 19%. While the fields of organics-biology and clinic had the least share of CRMs, accounting for only 7% and 3%, respectively. Along with increasing social demand, the fields of biology and medicine, together with quality of life have become the hotspots of current CRMs′ development. This article also highlights that, instead of the traditional fields of ferrous, non-ferrous and physical properties, the development focus of CRMs research will turn to the fields of food safety, environmental protection, climate change, clinical medicine, pharmaceutical industry, and bio-energy in the future. Accordingly, the preparation, characterization, and uncertainty assessment of CRMs will face new technical challenges.
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Keywords:
- certified reference materials (CRMs) /
- COMAR database
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图 1 COMAR数据库八大应用领域中的CRMs数量
Figure 1. CRMs amounts of 8 main application fields in COMAR database
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图 3 1988—2013年COMAR数据库八大应用领域标准物质的发展趋势
Figure 3. The development of CRMs in 8 application fields in COMAR database during 1988-2013
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图 4 COMAR数据库25个成员国的CRMs数量及CRMs提供机构的数量(截至2013年8月)
Figure 4. Quantity of CRMs and CRM producers in 25 members of COMAR database by August 2013
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图 5 1995—2013年主要成员国CRMs占COMAR数据库比重的变化
Figure 5. Variation of the percentage of CRMs in some member countries in COMAR database from 1995-2013
表 1 COMAR数据库中CRMs的分类和数量(截至2013年8月)
Table 1 Classification and quantity of CRMs in COMAR database by August 2013
主应用领域
(Main-field
of application)子应用领域
(Sub-fields of application)标准物质数量
(Amount)相关文献
(Reference)生物与临床
(Biological
and Clinical)临床化学(Clinical Chemistry) 249 [22-24] 一般内科(General Medicine) 12 血液学及细胞学
(Haematology and Cytology)16 免疫血液学，输液，移植
(Immunohaematology, Transfusion, Transplant)2 - 免疫学(Immunology) 5 生物与临床领域其他标准物质
(Other Biological and Clinical RM)138 [25-30] 钢铁
(Ferrous)副产物(By-Products) 60 铸铁(Cast Iron) 222 高合金钢(High Alloy Steels) 223 低合金钢(Low Alloy Steels) 410 钢铁工业其他冶金标准物质
(Other Metallurgical RM for Steel Industry)331 钢铁工业分析用纯金属标准物质
(Pure Metal RM for Steel Industry Analyses)23 原材料(Raw Materials) 67 特种合金(Special Alloys) 53 非合金钢(Unalloyed Steels) 207 工业
(Industries)建筑，公共建设
(Building, Public Works)17 电力，电子，计算机行业
(Electricity, Electronics, Computer Industry)83 燃料(Fuels) 71 测量和测试技术，仪器仪表
(Measurement and Test Techniques, Instrumentation)1745 矿石，矿物原料
(Ores, Mineral Raw Materials)542 工业用其他标准物质
(Other RM for Industry)55 原料及半成品
(Raw Materials and Semi-Finished Products)14 无机
(Inorganics)建筑材料：水泥，灰泥
(Building Materials: Cements, Plasters)55 肥料(Fertilizers) 16 常用产品和试剂(纯品)
[General Interest Products and Reagents (Pure)]213 玻璃，耐火材料，陶瓷，矿物纤维
(Glasses, Refractories, Ceramics, Mineral Fibres)191 无机
(Inorganics)无机气体及混合气体
(Inorganic Gases and Gas Mixtures)425 其他无机标准物质
(Other Inorganic RM)481 [31-34] 氧化物，盐类(Oxides, Salts) 212 岩石，土壤(Rocks, Soils) 351 [35-36] 有色金属
(Non-Ferrous)铝，镁，硅及合金
(Al, Mg, Si and Alloys)503 铜，锌，铅，锡，铋及合金
(Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Bi and Alloys)956 轻金属(锂，铍)，碱金属及碱土金属
Light (Li, Be), Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals8 镍，钴，铬及难熔金属
(Ni, Co, Cr and Refractory Metals)89 有色金属分析用其他标准物质
(Other RM for Non-Ferrous Analyses)76 贵金属及合金
(Precious Metals and Alloys)109 有色冶金分析用纯金属标准物质
(Pure Metal RM for Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Analyses)153 稀土，钍，铀及超铀元素
(Rare Earths, Th, U and Transuranic Elements)164 原材料及副产物
(Raw Materials and By-Products)22 钛，钒及合金(Ti, V and Alloys) 33 有机
(Organics)常见有机物：溶剂，气体，混合气体
(Common Organics: Solvents, Gases, Gas Mixtures)245 化妆品，表面活性剂
(Cosmetics, Surfactants)4 其他分析用有机标准物质
(Other Analytical Organic RM)290 [37] 色漆和清漆，染料
(Paints and Varnishes, Dyes)3 杀虫剂与除草剂
(Pesticides and Phytocides)44 [35,38-42] 石油产品及碳衍生物 (Petroleum Products and Carbon Derivatives) 103 塑料与橡胶，有机纤维
(Plastics and Rubbers, Organic Fibres)104 常用纯有机分析标准物质
(Pure Organic Analytical RM of General Interest)177 [35] 合成系列产品及大型中间体
(Synthetic Base Products and Large Intermediates)6 物理特性
(Physical
Properties)其他物理和工艺性能标准物质
(Other Physical and Technological Properties)115 频率标准物质(RM for Frequency) 1
物理特性
(Physical
Properties)物理化学特性标准物质
(RM for Physico-Chemical Properties)482 放射性，同位素标准物质
(RM for Radioactivity, Isotopic)1004 热力学标准物质
(RM for Thermodynamics)72 电与磁特性标准物质
(RM with Electrical and Magnetic Properties)63 力学特性标准物质
(RM with Mechanical Properties)104 光学特性标准物质
(RM with Optical Properties)128 生活质量
(Quality of
Life)农业(土壤，植物)
Agriculture (Soils, Plants)123 [38] 消费类产品(Consumer Products) 28 [43] 环境(Environment) 957 [31,38-43] 食品(Foodstuffs) 397 [38,41-42,44-45] 法律控制，犯罪学
(Legal Controls, Criminology)288 其他生活质量标准物质
(Other RM for Quality of Life)74 
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表 2 COMAR数据库中25个成员国的标准物质情况(截至2013年8月)
Table 2 The amount of CRMs from 25 member countries in COMAR database by August 2013
国家
(Country)有机
(Organics)无机
(Inorganics)工业
(Industries)钢铁
(Ferrous)有色金属
(Non-Ferrous)生活质量
(Quality of Life)生物与临床
(Biological and Clinical)物理特性
(Physical Properties)中国 89 309 602 254 230 192 33 177 比利时 130 13 32 0 46 430 145 245 捷克共和国 18 249 1 54 0 2 3 0 德国 67 301 361 161 172 60 28 227 日本 329 434 231 294 52 109 44 267 韩国 81 159 321 69 12 258 15 211 墨西哥 13 8 28 1 3 19 0 5 荷兰 22 32 30 0 0 61 5 2 英国 53 93 54 203 213 144 18 249 美国 54 79 318 116 94 24 16 48 加拿大 0 16 129 4 23 24 0 11 瑞典 0 6 8 30 0 3 0 0 澳大利亚 46 1 0 0 0 319 85 0 奥地利 3 5 19 0 0 36 1 21 法国 40 9 112 171 451 15 13 333 波兰 26 89 0 148 398 29 6 106 斯洛伐克 5 28 32 3 0 4 0 28 南非 0 29 82 1 2 0 0 0 俄罗斯联邦 13 34 121 61 415 147 1 27 印度 5 29 3 13 3 0 0 2 巴西 9 14 18 17 2 10 24 16 保加利亚 0 1 17 0 0 4 0 10 蒙古 0 44 44 0 0 0 0 0 哥伦比亚 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 白俄罗斯 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
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表 3 截至2013年8月美国NIST研制的标准物质
Table 3 Standard reference materials in NIST of the United States by August 2013
主应用领域
(Main-field
of application)数量
(Amount)子应用领域
(Sub-fileds of application)数量
(Amount)相关文献
(Reference)工程材料
(Engineering
Materials)109 尺寸(Sizing) 38 表面光洁度(Surface Finish) 29 无损测定
(Nondestructive Evaluation)1 发光研究(Fire Research) 8 纳米材料(Nanomaterials) 7 [55] 其他性能工程材料
(Miscellaneous Performance
Engineering Materials)22 物理特性
(Physical
Properties)253 离子活度(Ion Activity) 25 聚合物特性
(Polymeric Properties)27 热力学特性
(Thermodynamic Properties)39 光学特性
(Optical Properties)24 放射性(Radioactivity) 70 电学特性
(Electrical Properties)4 计量学(Metrology) 31 流体与玻璃
(Liquids and Glasses)14 X射线衍射
(X-ray Diffraction)14 化学组成
(Chemical
Composition)1126 黑色金属 (Ferrous Metals) 154 有色金属
(Non-Ferrous Metal)133 微量分析 (Microanalysis) 13 高纯材料
(High Purity Materials)150 健康与工业卫生
(Health and Industrial Hygiene)148 [23-24] 无机 (Inorganics) 45 基准混合气体
(Primary Gas Mixtures)72 化石及替代燃料
(Fossil and Alternative Fuels)78 有机(Organics) 95 [25, 37] 食品与农业
(Food and Agriculture)84 [44, 53] 地质材料与矿石
(Geological Materials and Ores)62 陶瓷与玻璃
(Ceramics and Glasses)25 水泥(Cement) 16 机械磨损材料
(Engine Wear Materials)17 法医鉴定(Forensics) 40
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表 4 日本的标准物质情况(截至2013年8月)
Table 4 The reference materials in Japan by August 2013
应用领域
(Main-fields of application)标准物质的数量
(Amount of RMs)钢铁标准物质
(Ferrous reference materials)315 有色金属标准物质
(Non-Ferrous reference materials)54 无机标准物质
(Inorganic reference materials)1036 有机标准物质
(Organic reference materials)2695 物理特性标准物质
(Reference materials for physical properties)424 生物与临床标准物质
(Biological and clinical reference materials)156 生活质量标准物质
(Reference materials for the quality of life)3409 工业标准物质
(Reference materials for industry)327 总计(Total) 8061
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