Research Progress on the Preparation and Analytical Methods of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater

GONG Liqiang; LI Zhihong; ZHOU Bo; ZHOU Zhengyuan

doi:10.15898/j.ykcs.202412310279

Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2025 > In Press, Accepted Manuscript > DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202412310279

GONG Liqiang，LI Zhihong，ZHOU Bo，et al. Research Progress on the Preparation and Analytical Methods of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis，2025，44（4）：1−14. DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202412310279

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Research Progress on the Preparation and Analytical Methods of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater

1.
Changshu CDC, Suzhou 215500, China
2.
Weiming Environmental Molecular Diagnostics Inc., Suzhou 215500, China

More Information

Received Date: December 30, 2024
Revised Date: January 22, 2025
Accepted Date: January 30, 2025
Available Online: March 11, 2025

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS
(1) Due to the low concentration and varied species of PFASs in groundwater worldwide, the analysis methods of PFASs are supposed to be sensitive and specific.

(2) Solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is the most commonly used method for PFASs analysis in groundwater, whereas it is limited on automation and real-time monitoring.

(3) A series of high-throughput, automative, and efficient technologies such as passive sampling, dispersive solid phase extraction, non-targeted screening and sensor detection have been developed, revealing the trends of PFASs monitoring.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic chemicals listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and emerging contaminants, drawing critical environmental concern globally. PFASs have been widely detected in aquatic environments worldwide, posing potential risks to aquatic organisms, human health, and ecological safety. The trace-level concentrations of PFASs in groundwater present significant challenges for the sensitivity and accuracy of current monitoring methods. However, existing techniques suffer from insufficient sensitivity and high operational complexity, making them inadequate for comprehensive monitoring and necessary for further optimization. To address these issues, this study systematically reviews recent advancements in the monitoring methods for typical PFASs in groundwater, focusing on sample collection, sample preparation, and analytical detection techniques. For groundwater sampling, newly developed passive sampling provides the possibility of low-cost continuous monitoring of groundwater. For groundwater sample pretreatment, new automatic technologies such as membrane solid phase extraction and dispersive solid phase extraction have greatly reduced the preparation time compared with current SPE method. For detection methods, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is still the major option for quantitative detection of PFASs while non-targeted screening of HR-MS allows the identification of PFASs in groundwater without standards. Meanwhile, application of sensor detection provides new means for the rapid detection of groundwater in the field. Future researches should focus on the development and improvement of high-throughput and automatic pretreatment methods combined with sensitive, accurate and specific detection methods for PFASs.
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs),
- groundwater,
- emerging pollutants,
- sample pretreatment,
- detection methods,
- mass spectrometry

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References (61)

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