The Impact of Different Clay Mineral Types on the Irreducible Water Saturation in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Lower Shihezi Formation in Hangjinqi Area, Ordos Basin

WANG Lixin; GAO Qingsong; ZHOU Jialin; LIU Yan; CAO Qian; CHEN Ting; WANG Li

doi:10.15898/j.ykcs.202407150157

Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2024 > 43(6): 821-835. > DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202407150157

WANG Lixin，GAO Qingsong，ZHOU Jialin，et al. The Impact of Different Clay Mineral Types on the Irreducible Water Saturation in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Lower Shihezi Formation in Hangjinqi Area, Ordos Basin[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis，2024，43（6）：821−835. DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202407150157

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The Impact of Different Clay Mineral Types on the Irreducible Water Saturation in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Lower Shihezi Formation in Hangjinqi Area, Ordos Basin

1.
China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation North China Oil & Gas Exploration & Development Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450006, China
2.
Chengdu University of Technology College of Energy (College of Modern Shale Gas Industry), Chengdu 610059, China

More Information

Received Date: June 25, 2024
Revised Date: October 31, 2024
Accepted Date: November 19, 2024
Published Date: December 24, 2024

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS
(1) Kaolinite, chlorite, illite and illite/smectite mixed layers are widely developed in the reservoir of the study section, and there are significant differences in the content and type of clay minerals under different lithofacies.

(2) The reservoir space mainly develops kaolinite intercrystalline pores, feldspar intragranular dissolved pores, lithic dissolved pores, etc., and the pores are mostly small and medium.

(3) The kaolinite formed by the dissolution of illite and feldspar and the intergranular pores filled by authigenic kaolinite form a complex irreducible water network, which leads to the difference in the distribution of irreducible water under the action of different contents and types of clay minerals.

ABSTRACT

The type and content of clay minerals in tight sandstone reservoirs of the He-1 member in the Jin-30 well area of Hangjinqi in the northern margin of the Ordos Basin have a significant effect on irreducible water saturation. On the basis of core observation, the petrological characteristics, clay mineral types and occurrence forms, pore structure and irreducible water distribution of the target layer by means of X-ray diffraction analysis, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, casting thin section analysis, one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiment and high-pressure mercury injection experiment were studied. The results show that: (1) The average content of clay minerals in the reservoir is 18.36%, and the clay minerals mainly include kaolinite, illite, chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layers. (2) There are differences in the types of clay minerals in different lithofacies: the clay minerals in lithic quartz sandstone are mainly feldspar altered kaolinite, and feldspar intragranular dissolution pores, and kaolinite intergranular pores are developed. The lithic sandstone is mainly composed of lithic and matrix altered illite, and the intragranular dissolution pores filled with illite are developed. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202407150157.
- Ordos Basin,
- tight sandstone,
- clay minerals,
- pore throat structure,
- irreducible water saturation
BRIEF REPORT
Significance：The irreducible water in the reservoir is mainly attached to the surface of clay minerals in the form of film or developed in tiny pores. The evaluation of its distribution characteristics is of great significance to the study of tight sandstone gas content. At present, due to the lack of analysis of pore structure differences under the action of clay minerals, the fine evaluation of reservoir gas content is seriously restricted. The tight sandstone reservoir of He-1 member of the lower Shihezi Formation in Hangjinqi area is taken as the research object^[4]. A variety of test methods are used to study the types and output characteristics of clay minerals in the tight sandstone reservoir of the target layer and the difference characteristics of pore structure of different lithofacies, so as to further clarify the relationship between the output difference of different types of clay minerals and irreducible water saturation.
Methods：A total of 143 samples were collected from 15 wells in the first member of the lower Shihezi Formation in the Jin-30 well area of Hangjinqi, Ordos Basin. First, all the samples were tested by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Representative samples were selected for casting thin section identification, nuclear magnetic resonance test and high-pressure mercury injection test. All tests are carried out in strict accordance with the latest industry standards, and some samples are tested repeatedly to ensure the accuracy of the test results.
Data and Results：According to the characteristics of core particle size, mineral composition, content and sedimentary structure, the tight sandstone reservoir of the He-1 member in Jin-30 well area is divided into four lithofacies: gravel coarse-grained lithic quartz sandstone, coarse-medium grained lithic quartz sandstone, gravel coarse-grained lithic sandstone and coarse-medium grained lithic sandstone. The clay minerals in lithic quartz sandstone are mainly feldspar altered kaolinite, and feldspar intragranular dissolution pores, and kaolinite intergranular pores are developed. The lithic sandstone is mainly composed of lithic and matrix altered illite, and the intragranular dissolution pores filled with illite are developed. The reservoir space mainly develops four types of pores, including kaolinite intercrystalline pores, feldspar intragranular dissolved pores, debris dissolved pores and matrix micropores, and microfractures are developed. The intragranular dissolved pores of feldspar and intercrystalline pores of kaolinite are mainly developed in the gravel-bearing coarse-grained lithic quartz sandstone, and the proportion of surface pores is 41% and 24%, respectively. Kaolinite intergranular pores, lithic dissolution feldspar intragranular dissolved pores and mold pores are mainly developed in medium-coarse lithic quartz sandstone, and the surface porosity accounts for 25%, 21% and 27%, respectively. The pore types in gravel-bearing coarse-grained lithic sandstone and medium-coarse-grained lithic sandstone are mainly intragranular dissolution pores and kaolinite intergranular pores, and the surface porosity accounts for 35% and 25%, respectively.
　　The saturation of movable water and irreducible water in different samples can be determined by saturation and centrifugation tests. The size of irreducible water saturation is: gravel-bearing coarse-grained lithic quartz sandstone<coarse-medium-grained lithic quartz sandstone and coarse and medium-grained lithic sandstone<gravel-bearing coarse-grained lithic sandstone. With the decrease of pore radius, the proportion of irreducible water in pores gradually increases, and the irreducible water saturation increases. The correlation analysis of clay mineral content and irreducible water saturation of 21 samples in the study area shows that the irreducible water saturation increases gradually with the increase of clay mineral content. Kaolinite and illite have obvious influence on pore throat structure^[16]. The pore throat is blocked by the filamentous development of illite, which is the dominant factor affecting the distribution of irreducible water saturation. The kaolinite monomer formed by feldspar kaolinization is disorderly and loose, and the corresponding intergranular pores of clay minerals are not developed, but the feldspar dissolution pores are more developed, and the pore connectivity is better^[35]. The authigenic kaolinite is distributed in worm-like or book-like aggregates to support each other to form a large number of micro-nano pores, causing an increase in irreducible water saturation.

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