Concentration and Distribution of Organic Pollutants in Fish of Yongxing and Qilianyu Islands, Xisha, China

YAO Huimin; LU Tianqi; ZHONG Yixin; XUN Kanyu; YAN Qiaoli; HUANG Lei

doi:10.15898/j.ykcs.202304280057

Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2024 > 43(1): 152-165. > DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202304280057

YAO Huimin，LU Tianqi，ZHONG Yixin，et al. Concentration and Distribution of Organic Pollutants in Fish of Yongxing and Qilianyu Islands, Xisha, China[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis，2024，43（1）：152−165. DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202304280057

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Concentration and Distribution of Organic Pollutants in Fish of Yongxing and Qilianyu Islands, Xisha, China

1.
Sanya Institute of South China Sea Geology, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Sanya 572025, China
2.
Changsha Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey, China Geological Survey, Changsha 410600, China

More Information

Received Date: April 27, 2023
Revised Date: January 05, 2024
Accepted Date: January 15, 2024
Available Online: January 16, 2024

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS
(1) The concentrations of organic pollutants in fish in Xisha Sea area of China were low.

(2) OCPs in fish in Yongxing and Qilianyu islands were partly derived from recent inputs, while PAHs mainly came from combustion sources, PCBs might be related to local industrial activities.

(3) OCPs and PCBs might not pose ecological risks, and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) index of PAHs in only several fishes such as the spotted parrotfish (Scarus sordidus) exceeded the standard recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).

ABSTRACT

Organic pollutants were widely detected in marine fish in global oceans, and long-term consumption can pose certain health risks to humans. To study the pollution characteristics, 50 fish were collected in Xisha, China, in which Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined by GC-MS. It was found that OCPs, PAHs and PCBs concentrations in fish ranged from 2.23-91.57ng/g ww, 2.11-31.70ng/g ww and 1.55-54.04ng/g ww, respectively. The ratios of DDTs/(DDE+DDD)＞1 in 50% of fish. The ratio of ANT/(ANT+PHE)＞0.1 in 88% of fish and the ratio of FL/(FL+PYR)＞0.5 in 100% of fish. Using the ILCR model to evaluate the ecological risk of fish, the ILCR values of organic pollutants in most fish were below 1×10⁻⁶. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202304280057.
- Xisha sea China,
- marine fish,
- organic pollutants,
- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,
- content characteristics,
- source analysis,
- risk evaluation
BRIEF REPORT
Significance: OCPs, PAHs and PCBs pose a serious threat to human health and sustainable development due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, and have attracted great attention worldwide for decades. Although organic pollutants have been banned for many years, they can still be widely detected in organisms near the coast of China and the United States, Antarctica, and the abyss. In order to reduce and prevent organic pollutants, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and six other departments have released the “Key Control New Pollutant List (2023 Edition)” which still includes OCPs and PCBs. According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, fish catching in the South China Sea accounts for about 12% of global catches, which is an important protein source for the approximately 300 million coastal countries’ residents (https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_24290238) indicating that the determination and analysis of organic pollutants in fish are of great significance. Xisha is located in the northwest of the South China Sea (SCS), surrounded by multiple developing countries that have extensively used organochlorine pesticides for agricultural production. It is also an important center for electronic waste disposal and a maritime transportation hub, and these factors are potential sources of organic pollutants in the SCS. Organic pollutants enter the SCS through surface runoff, rainwater erosion and atmospheric deposition, thereby affecting marine biota. The marine organisms in Xisha, are rich and diverse. Currently, research on pollutants in Xisha, mainly focuses on seawater and sediment samples^[17,28-32], which cannot represent the pollution status of marine biota. Therefore, bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in marine organisms from Xisha, is urgently needed for risk evaluation.

Methods: OCPs, PAHs and PCBs were determined by GC-MS in marine fish. 50 fish were collected, including the honeycomb grouper (Epinephelus merra), red bare cheeked bream (Lethrimus rubrioperculatus), and black bodied bluefish (Siganus punctatissimus)-17 species of fishes. The ratio of DDTs/[dichlorophenyl dichloroethylene (DDE)+dichlorophenyl dichloroethane (DDD)] was used to determine the source of dichlorophenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), the ratio of anthracene (ANT)/[ANT+phenanthrene (PHE)] and fluorene (FL)/[FL+pyrene (PYR)] was used to determine the source of PAHs, and the lifelong cancer risk (ILCR) model was used for ecological risk assessment of fish.

Data and Results: OCPs, PAHs and PCBs concentrations in fish ranged from 2.23-91.57ng/g ww, 2.11-31.70ng/g ww and 1.55-54.04ng/g ww, respectively, average concentrations were 32.50ng/g ww, 17.29ng/g ww and 18.79ng/g ww, respectively, and median concentrations were 16.92ng/g ww, 13.34ng/g ww and 7.61ng/g, respectively. The DDTs concentrations in coastal fish of the United States and Europe ranged from 0.65-107.6ng/g ww, and 763-5357ng/g ww, respectively. The PAHs concentrations in coastal fish in Zhejiang, China ranged from 10.4-140ng/g ww. The PCBs concentrations in fish collected from Mediterranean, Italian coast and the Charleston Harbor in the United States ranged from 1234-12327ng/g lw, 56.8-4791ng/g lw, and 5.02-232.20ng/g ww, respectively. DDTs PCBs and PAHs of the study area were at the lower end of the global range.

　　DDTs/(DDE+DDD) were used to determine the source of DDTs, and the ratios of DDTs/(DDE+DDD) were >1 in 50% of fish. The ratio of ANT/(ANT+PHE)>0.1 indicated that PAHs were the combustion source, while the ratio ANT/(ANT+PHE)<0.1 indicated that PAHs were the petroleum source. The ratio of ANT/(ANT+PHE) was >0.1 in 88% of fish, indicating that PAHs originated from fossil fuel combustion. The sources of PCBs might be related to local industrial activities on Yongxing Island. The ecological risk assessment showed that the ecological risk of OCPs and PCBs in fish was low, but the ILCR values of PAHs in honeycomb grouper (Epinephelus merra, 3.49 $\times {10}^{-6}$ ), red bare cheeked bream (Lethrimus rubrioperculatus, 4.82 $\times {10}^{-6}$ ), black bodied bluefish (Siganus punctatissimus, 6.21 $\times {10}^{-6}$ ), tricolor parrotfish (Scarus tricolore, 4.26× ${10}^{-6}$ ), cloverleaf lip fish (Cheilinus trilobatus, 1.37 $\times {10}^{-6}$ ), dirty colored parrotfish (Scarus sordidus, 6.06 $\times {10}^{-6}$ ), and silver bluefish (Siganus argenteus, 1.63 $\times {10}^{-6}$ ) exceeded the standard recommended by the US EPA.

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Concentration and Distribution of Organic Pollutants in Fish of Yongxing and Qilianyu Islands, Xisha, China