A Review on the Impacts of Microplastics and Environmental Pollutants on Soil Microorganisms

GUO Rong; SHEN Yating

doi:10.15898/j.ykcs.202209180175

Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2024 > 43(1): 1-15. > DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202209180175

GUO Rong，SHEN Yating. A Review on the Impacts of Microplastics and Environmental Pollutants on Soil Microorganisms[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis，2024，43（1）：1−15. DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202209180175

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A Review on the Impacts of Microplastics and Environmental Pollutants on Soil Microorganisms

GUO Rong^1,,
SHEN Yating^{1, 2, ,}

1.
National Research Centre for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100037, China

More Information

Received Date: September 17, 2022
Revised Date: January 08, 2024
Accepted Date: January 18, 2024
Available Online: March 14, 2024

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS
(1) The adsorption and migration of microplastics in soil are influenced by various factors such as the properties of microplastics, soil, and flora and fauna activities.

(2) The combined effects of microplastics with organic pollutants and heavy metals in soil could alter the environmental risks, mobility, degradation, and bioavailability of pollutants. This alteration is contingent upon the characteristics of microplastics, soil, and environmental factors.

(3) Microplastics can either increase or decrease the richness and diversity of soil microorganisms, affecting them through multiple mechanisms regulated by soil physicochemical properties, microbial colonization, and composite pollution.

ABSTRACT

The extensive use of plastic results in a significant release of microplastics into the soil, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Research on the interaction between microplastics and pollutants and their combined effects is sparse. Understanding how soil microplastics affect microbial communities is crucial for assessing ecological risks. This comprehensive review examines the adsorption and migration mechanisms of microplastics, with a specific focus on their impact on migration. It explores the combined effects of microplastics with organic pollutants and heavy metals, leading to changes in toxicity, bioavailability, and mobility. Additionally, the review investigates how microplastics influence soil microbial communities, revealing alterations in species richness, activity, and structure. The findings of this review highlight the significant impact of microplastics on pollutants, the modifications in toxicity, bioavailability, and mobility of combined pollutants, as well as their influence on soil microbial communities. To comprehensively assess the environmental impact, it is essential to understand how microplastics interact with pollutants. The review underscores the need to comprehend their influence on soil microbes and functions in order to effectively address ecological risks. Future research should prioritize exploring microscale mechanisms and developing strategies to mitigate soil microplastics and associated pollution. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202209180175.
- microplastics,
- microbial community structure,
- organic pollutants,
- heavy metals,
- synergistic effects
BRIEF REPORT
Understanding the impact of microplastics (MPs) is crucial due to their persistent presence in the environment and global consequences^[1-2]. Ranging from 100 to 5mm, these pollutants undergo processes that can break them down into smaller sizes (<100nm) through mechanisms like photodegradation or environmental wear. The intricate ecological effects of microplastics are evident in diverse environmental media, including soil, water, and air^[4-6]. The urgency for investigation is highlighted by the prevalence of microplastics in remote areas like the Arctic and their identification in human blood, urine, and feces^[7-12]. The environmental impact of microplastics extends to potentially accelerating Arctic ice melting^[9], posing significant health risks to multiple human organ systems^[13-14]. Concerns also arise from harmful additives released by microplastics, potentially disrupting normal human growth and development^[16]. In soil environments, microplastics display adsorption and migration behaviors^[17-18], acting as carriers that influence the mobility and availability of organic pollutants and heavy metals^[19-21]. However, a detailed understanding of the interaction mechanisms between microplastics and pollutants requires further exploration. Another critical research area involves investigating the impact of microplastics on soil microbial communities, with recent studies indicating alterations in microbial diversity, biomass, and functional gene expression due to microplastic exposure.

　　Addressing scientific gaps is imperative for a holistic understanding. Exploring the adsorption and migration mechanisms of microplastics under various soil types and environmental conditions, comprehensively deciphering the synergistic effects between microplastics and organic pollutants or heavy metals, and unraveling the specific mechanisms and ecological implications of microplastics on soil microorganisms are essential. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the characteristics and microscopic mechanisms of microplastics, advancing our comprehension of their implications for soil health and ecology.

　　1. Adsorption and migration of microplastics in a soil environment

　　Microplastics interact with soil primarily through electrostatic forces and physical retention^[22]. Their surface charge influences adsorption and retention, affecting interactions with environmental ions. For example, when adsorbing onto kaolin clay^[23], hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding dominate, especially with polyamide’s polar amide groups. Initially positively charged (MPs⁺)^[24], microplastics weather to develop a negative charge (MPs⁻)^[25]. Changes in soil conditions may alter soil adsorption capacity, potentially enabling microplastic migration^[26].　　The migratory behavior varies among different types of microplastics. Fibrous microplastics exhibit stronger migration compared to agricultural film fragments and fragmented microplastics^[27]. Additionally, low-density microplastics are more susceptible to lateral migration in soil or water, influenced by natural forces^[28]. Environmental changes in soil conditions^[30], disturbances caused by flora and fauna^[16,31-32], and anthropogenic activities^[27] collectively influence the intricate process of microplastic migration in soil.

　　2. Interaction of microplastics with organic contaminants and heavy metals in soil　　The complex interplay between microplastics, organic pollutants, and heavy metals in soil has generated ongoing debates regarding its impact on environmental risk. Microplastics, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), have been shown to adsorb organic contaminants, potentially reducing the free fraction of these pollutants and mitigating soil toxicity^[36-37]. However, microplastics can also increase the overall residue levels of organic contaminants in soil, exemplified by a rise in pesticide residues from 4% to 15% due to microplastic presence^[39].　　The effectiveness of microplastics in adsorbing organic pollutants is influenced by soil factors. With a high specific surface area and hydrophobic properties, microplastics efficiently carry hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs)^[40]. Soil organic matter (SOM) also affects their adsorption capacity, indirectly influencing the distribution and bioavailability of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)^[42]. Additionally, microplastics’ structural composition and aging impact their adsorption abilities, showing varied capacity among different types^[45-47]. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, salinity, and ion strength further modulate organic compound adsorption by microplastics^[47-48]. Their impact on contaminant degradation relies on complex microorganism, pollutant, and microplastic surface interactions^[49].

　　In the context of the interaction between microplastics and heavy metals in soil, studies have shown that joint treatment with 0.1% PE-microplastics and heavy metals can lead to increased accumulation of certain heavy metals in plants, such as Cu and Pb in rapeseed^[53]. Additionally, PE-microplastics can enhance the bioavailability of Cd in soil, affecting its accumulation in lettuce^[54]. However, it is important to note that microplastics may physically damage plants, exacerbating the toxicity of heavy metals^[58]. Nevertheless, some studies have not found significant effects of microplastics on the absorption of heavy metals by plants^[59-60].

　　The adsorption-desorption mechanisms between microplastics and heavy metals in soil are complex, with microplastics capable of adsorbing various heavy metals from their surroundings^[61-69]. Factors like surface charge, pH, organic matter on microplastic surfaces, and the type of microplastic all influence this process^[66-71]. Additionally, the competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions on microplastic surfaces can lead to partial desorption of some heavy metals^[54].

　　In summary, the interaction of microplastics with organic pollutants and heavy metals in soil is multifaceted, influenced by various environmental factors and the specific properties of microplastics. Understanding these interactions is crucial for assessing their impact on soil contamination and ecosystem health.

　　3. Impacts and mechanisms of microplastics on soil microbial communities

　　Microplastics have emerged as influential agents affecting soil microbial communities, with profound implications for biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

　　Enhancement effects: Microplastics have been observed to augment the abundance and diversity of specific microbial communities^[10,78]. Notably, genera like Pseudomonas and Nitrospira exhibit increased abundance in the presence of microplastics^[79-80]. Within microplastic-treated soils, a significant increase in the gene abundance of Nitrospira, crucial for nitrification, results in a reduction in NH₄⁺-N content^[81]. Polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics promote the proliferation of microbial communities associated with membrane transport functions^[51,82].

　　Detrimental effects: Contrarily, studies have also highlighted adverse impacts of microplastics on soil microbial communities. For instance, residual film microplastics in agricultural soils intensify bacterial community succession, destabilizing the microbial community structure and compromising soil functions^[86]. Specific microplastic types, like polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) and certain polyethylene microparticles (PE-MPs), have shown to significantly alter fungal community compositions, with fungi being more sensitive to microplastic presence than bacteria^[10,87-88].

　　Mechanistic insights: The interaction between microplastics and soil microbial communities is underpinned by alterations in soil physicochemical properties, such as aggregation, bulk density, and nutrient status, directly influencing microbial colonization and enrichment^[90-92]. Soil biofilm-associated microbial communities exhibit marked differences in composition and genetics compared to adjacent soil environments^[95-96]. This suggests that microplastics may selectively enrich specific microbial taxa. Furthermore, microorganisms have evolved diverse adsorption mechanisms to adapt to the presence of microplastics, underscoring the dynamic nature of soil-microplastic interactions^[49].

　　Concluding remarks: While certain studies report no significant impacts of microplastics on soil bacterial communities under specific conditions^[89], the overarching consensus underscores the intricate interplay between microplastics and soil microbial dynamics, necessitating further research to elucidate long-term ecological consequences.

　　This streamlined overview encapsulates the multifaceted relationship between microplastics and soil microbial communities, emphasizing both their beneficial and detrimental impacts, while highlighting the need for continued academic exploration.

　　4. Future perspectives

　　Future research should prioritize: (1) Investigating the impact of microplastic co-pollution with contaminants (organic pollutants, heavy metals) on soil microbial communities. (2) Exploring microbial pathways for safe microplastic degradation, with potential applications for environmentally sound removal. (3) Developing strategies to improve soil microbial community structures by regulating physicochemical properties, specifically focusing on microbe colonization and enrichment on microplastic surfaces. This aims to facilitate safer regulation and degradation of microplastics, particularly in scenarios of compound pollution with other contaminants.

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A Review on the Impacts of Microplastics and Environmental Pollutants on Soil Microorganisms

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