Exploration on the Stratification of the Ground Substrate Survey and the Design and Construction of Its Testing Indicator System

LIU Jiufen; ZHAO Xiaofeng; HOU Hongxing; QIN Tian; CHEN Zhansheng; XU Liming; YANG Ke; KONG Fanpeng; LIU Xiaohuang; LU Bing; LI Ziqi; LIU Jia; BAO Ruyi; HAO Aibing

doi:10.15898/j.ykcs.202310080157

Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2024 > 43(1): 16-29. > DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202310080157

LIU Jiufen，ZHAO Xiaofeng，HOU Hongxing，et al. Exploration on the Stratification of the Ground Substrate Survey and the Design and Construction of Its Testing Indicator System[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis，2024，43（1）：16−29. DOI: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202310080157

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Exploration on the Stratification of the Ground Substrate Survey and the Design and Construction of Its Testing Indicator System

LIU Jiufen^{1, 2, 3,},
ZHAO Xiaofeng^{1, 2, 3},
HOU Hongxing⁴,
QIN Tian⁴,
CHEN Zhansheng⁵,
XU Liming⁶,
YANG Ke⁶,
KONG Fanpeng⁷,
LIU Xiaohuang^{2, 3},
LU Bing⁶,
LI Ziqi¹,
LIU Jia⁸,
BAO Ruyi¹,
HAO Aibing^2, ,

1.
China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2.
Command Center for Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100055, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements, Beijing 100055, China
4.
Langfang Center for General Survey of Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China
5.
Center for Geophysical Survey, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065004, China
6.
Harbin Center for Integrated Natural Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Harbin 150081, China
7.
Mudanjiang Natural Resources Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Mudanjiang 157000, China
8.
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

More Information

Received Date: October 07, 2023
Revised Date: January 28, 2024
Accepted Date: February 03, 2024
Available Online: March 14, 2024

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS
(1) To accelerate the standardization and normalization of the ground substrate survey, the connotation and targeting of ground substrate in relation to national soil surveys (such as Multi-Objective Regional Geochemical Surveys) were clarified; the stratification of ground substrate survey and testing index systems were systematically discussed based on the pilot results of the ground substrate survey carried out in the Northeast black soil in the past three years.

(2) Total carbon, organic carbon, and pH showed obvious inflection points at about 2m, while mineral elements such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, and MgO showed no obvious changes at shallow depths of 2m.

(3) The ground substrate survey was roughly divided into three layers: the surface layer (production layer, 0-2m), the middle layer (ecological layer, 2-10m), and the deep layer (sedimentary layer, 10-20m). A 4+N-type stratified testing index system for the ground substrate survey was constructed.

ABSTRACT

The ground substrate layer is the main carrier of the material and energy cycle of the earth’s surface. At present, it is essential to have a suitable ground substrate stratification and testing index system for conducting an effective ground substrate survey. Based on the pilot results of the ground substrate survey project in the past three years, and the links between ground substrate with Multi-Objective Regional Geochemical Surveys, the Third National Soil Census and the National Detailed Survey of Soil Pollution on Agricultural Land, the ground substrate can be vertically divided into three layers: the surface production layer (0-2m), the middle ecological layer (2-10m) and the deep sedimentary layer (10-20m). If the depth of the base layer is less than 20m, the ground substrate is exposed to the bedrock. The surface layer mainly serves the national food security, and mainly collects data; the middle layer focuses on territorial space planning, and is the focus of investigation; the deep layer is mainly to explore the ground substrate from bedrock-deep layer-middle layer-surface layer succession pattern, a small amount of engineering control is appropriate. The proposed vertical stratified test index system for ground substrate includes 4 required indices and N selected indices. The established stratification and stratification test index system of ground substrate can provide reference for standardizing the ground substrate survey and promote the high-quality development of the ground substrate survey. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202310080157.
- ground substrate,
- ground substrate survey,
- the stratification of the ground substrate survey,
- testing indicators for layers
BRIEF REPORT
Significance: The ground substrate is defined as “the base material currently exposed at the shallow surface of the Earth’s landmass or at the bottom of a body of water. It is formed mainly by natural materials through natural action and can be nurtured and supported by various types of natural resources, such as forests, grasslands, and water”^[1]. Therefore, the biogeochemistry and hydrological cycles, as well as energy exchanges between the elements of the ground substrate layer and the surface cover layer, determine the fundamental characteristics of ecosystems^[2]. Various ground substrates support different types of vegetation and influence the spatial pattern and evolutionary trajectory of regional ecosystems^[3]. In this study, we propose a set of indicators for vertical stratification and testing of ground substrate, with the aim of standardizing and normalizing the ground substrate survey. This will provide a reference for the efficient and high-quality development of the national ground substrate survey.

Methods: Firstly, we referred to the Multi-Objective Regional Geochemical Surveys, the Third National Soil Census and the National Detailed Survey of Soil Pollution on Agricultural Land, and other survey stratification and testing indices. Secondly, the data was based on three pilot projects of ground substrate surveys in Lishu County of Jilin Province, Dandong City of Liaoning Province and Harbin City of Heilongjiang Province. These surveys were conducted by the Command Center for Comprehensive Survey of Natural Resources over the past three years and were analyzed using statistical methods to assess the vertical characteristics. Thirdly, the minimum depth that can be reached by epigenetic geological processes (where weathering is dominant), the depth that surface vegetation roots can penetrate, the lowest fluctuation of the shallow water table or the irregular top surface of bedrock, and other related factors were considered. Finally, the index system for vertical stratification and testing of ground substrate stratification was proposed.

Data and Results: (1) Ground substrate stratification. On the basis of previous research, this paper combines the results of the pilot project of ground substrate investigation and utilizes statistical methods such as the chart method and coefficient of variation method to classify the ground substrate into three layers vertically: the surface layer (0-2m), the middle layer (2-10m), and the deep layer (10-20m), and the area with a thin layer of soil is subject to the disclosure to bedrock. The ground substrate investigation of the surface layer (0-2m), is named as the production layer. Generally, the root system of crops reaches a depth of 1m or less, and the maximum depth of the root system of a few crops can reach 2m (e.g., corn). This layer includes the tillage layer, which is the main activity layer of soil microorganisms, it is the most critical layer affecting the agricultural production and human health, and it mainly supports the food security of the country. This layer mainly contains the information for the contents and indicators affected by climate, ground cover (plant roots) and human activities (tillage). The middle layer of the ground substrate survey (2-10m) is the focus of the ground substrate survey and named as the ecological layer, because the maximum depth of the root system of most vegetation is 10m^[15]. This layer is the material and energy exchange layer between groundwater and vegetation communities such as forest, grass and wetland, which mainly supports the growth and succession of vegetation communities and serves the optimization of the development and protection pattern of land space^[16]. Ground substrate investigation of the deep layer (10-20m), is generally the Quaternary loose sediment layer above the bedrock, and is the channel of groundwater circulation, driving the material energy cycle^[17-18]. The main research is conducted on the evolutionary process of rock-weathered crust-soil formation. Some scholars named the ground substrate investigation 0-50m as the living layer, which is considered to be the layer mainly for human production and living by using the underground space, and mainly supports urban planning and construction^[3].

　　 (2) Test indices of the ground substrate survey. In order to accurately reflect the different layers of the ground substrate type, physical and chemical properties and evolutionary characteristics of soil formation, and to reveal the surface substrate on the surface cover layer of forests and grasses, crops, etc. to support the nurturing mechanism, the surface substrate survey and test index selection must follow the principles of inheritance, science and economy^[19-21]. It is divided into mandatory indicators and optional indicators. Required indicators refer to the large-scale-nationwide deployment of area-based survey collection of bulk sample test indicators, mainly used to identify the surface substrate type, texture, spatial structure, physical and chemical properties, carbon storage and sinks and other basic characteristics of the surface substrate. Surface substrate survey samples must be measured and indicators should include mineral (nutrient) elements, heavy metal elements, texture (particle size), bulk density, pH, total carbon, organic carbon and other indicators. The indices should include mineral (nutrient) elements, heavy metal elements, texture (particle size), bulkiness, pH, total carbon, organic carbon, etc. According to the geological genesis of the ground substrate, analysis of the evolution law of the ground substrate and its influence and response to the epigenetic process and multi-circle interactions, such indicators need to be sampled continuously from bedrock-motherland-soil, and the selected indicators increased according to the characteristics of the study area and the purpose of the study.

　　 (3) Construction of the index system for stratified testing of the ground substrate. According to the meanings of compulsory and optional indicators of the ground substrate survey, combined with the supportive and nurturing characteristics and coupling relationship between different texture strata and surface cover layers in the surface layer (0-2m), middle layer (2-10m) and deep layer (10-20m) of ground substrate survey, a “4+N” type testing indicator system was constructed (see Table 4). The “4” refers to four types of mandatory testing index modules, including characterization of the physical properties of the ground substrate (3 items), mineral (nutrient) elements (15 items), heavy metal elements (7 items), and carbon (2 items); N refers to N types of optional testing index modules, including characterization of the age of soil formation of the ground substrate (5 items), the evolutionary characteristics of the ground substrate (38 items), salinity (9 items), element morphology (7 items), the relationship of the ground substrate with the surface cover, the support and breeding characteristics and coupling of the different textures of the ground substrate (38 items), salinization (9 items), elemental morphology (7 items) and other specificity indicators.

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References (27)

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