Risk Assessment and Influencing Factors Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil of Non-Surface Coal Mines in Southern Hebei Province
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摘要:
非露天煤矿开采是获取煤炭资源的重要手段，研究非露天煤矿土壤重金属含量影响因素及生态风险，对矿区生态环境保护和治理至关重要。当前冀南非露天煤矿——峰峰煤矿土壤重金属相关研究多聚焦于对局部区域土壤污染程度的评估以及对影响因素的线性作用分析，难以为整个区域土壤重金属的有效治理提供科学依据。为综合评价整个峰峰煤矿土壤重金属污染程度，并深入分析其主要影响因素及非线性作用机制，本文在峰峰煤矿采集49处表层土壤样品测定7种重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量；运用单项污染指数法和潜在生态风险评价法评估矿区土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险，并利用地理探测器分析矿区土壤重金属含量空间分布的主要影响因素。结果表明：矿区内土壤7种重金属含量表现出一定的空间异质性，总体呈北高南低的分布格局，样品中仅有Cd元素平均含量超过国家自然背景值。土壤潜在生态风险综合指数为45.70～132.77，处于轻度到中度风险等级之间，其中各重金属单项污染指数呈现Cd(1.818)＞Pb(0.744)＞Cu(0.715)＞Ni(0.714)＞Cr(0.701)＞Zn(0.684)＞As(0.656)。矿山开采、矸石山等人为因素及降水、土壤湿度等自然因素共同影响着峰峰煤矿区土壤重金属含量的空间格局，其中企业分布和交通运输活动是Ni空间分异性的主要影响因素；矿山开采是Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn的主要影响因素；土壤侵蚀和土壤湿度是As的主要影响因素。
Abstract:Non-surface coal mining is an important means to obtain coal resources. It is crucial to study the influencing factors and ecological risks of soil heavy metal contents of non-surface coal mines for the protection and management of mine area ecosystems. The current study on soil heavy metals in the Fengfeng coal mine, a non-surface mine located in southern Hebei Province, primarily focuses on assessing local soil pollution levels and analyzing the linear effects of influencing factors, which makes it difficult to provide a scientific basis for the effective treatment of soil heavy metals in the entire region. To comprehensively evaluate the pollution level of soil heavy metal of the Fengfeng coal mine and deeply analyze the main influencing factors and their nonlinear mechanisms, 49 surface soil samples were collected and the contents of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined. The single pollution index method and potential ecological risk assessment method were employed to evaluate the soil heavy metal pollution level and potential ecological risks of the mine area, and the geographic detector was utilized to analyze the main influencing factors of the spatial distribution of soil heavy metal content. The results indicated that the soil heavy metal contents of seven types in the mine area exhibited certain spatial heterogeneity, with an overall distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south. Only the average content of Cd in the samples exceeded the national natural background value. The comprehensive index of soil potential ecological risk was between 45.70 and 132.77, ranging from mild to moderate risk levels. The single heavy metal pollution indices were ranked as Cd (1.818)>Pb (0.744)>Cu (0.715)>Ni (0.714)>Cr (0.701)>Zn (0.684)>As (0.656). The spatial pattern of soil heavy metal content in the Fengfeng coal mine was influenced by human factors such as mining activities and gangue hills, as well as natural factors such as precipitation and soil moisture. Among them, enterprise distribution and transportation activities were the main influencing factors of the spatial differentiation of heavy metal Ni; mining activities were the main influencing factor of heavy metals Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn; soil erosion and soil moisture were the main influencing factors of heavy metal As.
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图 2 研究区7种土壤重金属含量空间分布
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of 7 soil heavy metals in the research area
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图 3 研究区土壤重金属样品单项污染指数程度
Figure 3. Degree of single pollution index of soil heavy metal samples in the research area
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图 4 土壤重金属单因子与潜在生态风险评价
RI为研究区潜在生态风险指数；EI为研究区单个重金属生态风险指数。
Figure 4. Single factor and potential ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in soil
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图 5 土壤重金属含量影响因素贡献度
RI为研究区潜在生态风险指数。
Figure 5. Contribution of factors influencing heavy metal content in soil
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图 6 不同土壤重金属及生态风险指数主导因素的相互作用
D-mine代表距矿区距离；DEM代表高程；PRE代表降水；SM代表土壤湿度；Erosion代表土壤侵蚀；D-river代表距河流距离；TEM代表温度；Hillock代表矸石山；PM2.5代表细颗粒物；D-POI代表距企业距离；Road代表路网密度；RI为研究区潜在生态风险指数。
Figure 6. Interaction of dominant factors of different soil heavy metals and ecological risk indice (D-mine represents the distance from the mining area; DEM represents elevation; PRE represents precipitation; SM represents soil moisture; Erosion represents soil erosion; D-river represents the distance from the river; TEM represents temperature; Hillock represents a gangue hill; PM2.5 represents fine particulate matter; D-POI represents the distance from the enterprise; Road represents the density of the road network; RI is the potential ecological risk index of the study area).
表 1 两个自变量对因变量交互作用的类型
Table 1 The type of interaction between two independent variables and the dependent variable
交互作用五种类型图示 判断依据 交互作用类型 
q(X1∩X2) ＜ Min[q(X1)，q(X2)] 非线性减弱 
Min[q(X1)，q(X2)] ＜ q(X1∩X2) ＜ Max[q(X1)，q(X2)] 双线性减弱 
q(X1∩X2) ＞ Max[q(X1)，q(X2)] 双线性增强 
q(X1∩X2)=q(X1)+q(X2) 相互独立 
q(X1∩X2)＞q(X1) +q(X2) 非线性增强 注： ● 代表Min[q(X1)，q(X2)]，取q(X1)和q(X2)间的最小值；● 代表Max[q(X1)，q(X2)]，取q(X1)和q(X2)间的最大值；● 代表q(X1)+q(X2)，取q(X1)和q(X2)两者之和；▼ 代表q(X1∩X2)，取q(X1)和q(X2)两者交互作用大小。Note： ● Represents Min[q(X1), q(X2)], taking the minimum value between q(X1) and q(X2);● Represents Max[q(X1), q(X2)], taking the maximum value between q(X1) and q(X2);● Represents q(X1)+q(X2), taking the sum of q(X1) and q(X2);▼ Represents q(X1∩X2), taking the magnitude of the interaction between q(X1) and q(X2).
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表 2 土壤重金属含量统计分析
Table 2 Statistical analysis of heavy metals content in soil
重金属元素 含量最大值
(mg/kg)含量最小值
(mg/kg)含量平均值
(mg/kg)偏度 峰度 变异系数
CV(%)背景值a
(mg/kg)百分比b
(%)样品含量
分布类型Cr 69.175 30.253 45.092 0.327 2.898 19.47 64.300 4.08 对数正态分布 Ni 30.675 10.605 19.847 0.917 4.306 19.59 27.800 6.12 正态分布 Cu 52.201 8.708 16.492 1.457 6.923 40.07 23.100 8.16 对数正态分布 Zn 98.060 24.596 47.554 0.341 3.944 26.34 69.500 4.08 对数正态分布 As 12.876 3.014 6.625 0.024 2.320 37.81 10.100 10.20 对数正态分布 Cd 0.480 0.173 0.273 0.134 3.363 20.39 0.150 100.00 对数正态分布 Pb 38.035 10.766 16.748 1.046 6.604 24.61 22.500 4.08 对数正态分布 注：a为邯郸市表层土壤重金属的自然背景值［37］；b为超过自然背景值的土壤样品比例。 Note: a is the natural background value of heavy metals in surface soil of Handan City［37］; b is the proportion of soil samples exceeding the natural background value.
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