环境中溴系阻燃剂六溴环十二烷的水平及分析进展
The Levels and Analytical Developments of Brominated Flame Retardant Hexabromocyclododecanes from Various Environmental Media
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摘要: 六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)是一种添加型溴系阻燃剂,被广泛应用于建筑隔热材料、纺织用品及少量电子产品中。2006年欧盟、国际公约等组织相继停止生产和使用多溴联苯醚后,HBCDs也曾在某些用途中作为替代品使用。在各环境介质中,空气和水体是HBCDs的主要释放空间。点源附近的环境介质中通常能够检测出较高浓度的HBCDs,远高于没有明显点源的地区。工业合成的HBCDs以γ-HBCD异构体为主,大多数生物体内的HBCDs以α-HBCD所占比例最大,可能与化合物结构、环境条件及生物代谢过程等均有关。气相色谱-质谱分析技术对HBCDs有较高的检测灵敏度,但由于HBCDs存在热重排、热降解等现象,使得化合物的异构体分析受限。液相色谱-质谱分析技术弥补了上述缺陷,不但可以区分HBCDs化合物的对映与非对映异构体结构,还可以借助串联质谱(MS/MS)联用技术降低化合物的检出限。文章综述了环境中HBCDs的水平及分析进展,认为在HBCDs的立体结构以及各异构体之间的转化过程和转化条件等方面有很大的探索空间,指出在环境背景区开展HBCDs的环境行为、演变趋势、控制措施及替代技术研究,是今后应该深入研究的领域。Abstract: Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are used as flame retardants primarily in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and a little in electronics. During 2006, the production and use of penta- and octa-bromodiphenyl ethers was restricted in Europe, and therefore HBCDs may be used as an alternative for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in some applications. The atmosphere and bodies of water are the two main persistent reservoirs. The high content of HBCDs was detected in the environmental medium adjacent to the point source, which was much higher than that in the region without any point source. According to the different compound structure, environmental condition and biological metabolism processing, synthetic HBCDs were mainly γ-HBCD and the biotic HBCDs were α-HBCD. Although the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique has high sensitive detection for HBCDs, it is restricted to isomer analysis of compounds by thermal recomposition and thermal degradation of HBCDs. LC-MS overcame these restrictions and was applied to distinguish enantiomer and diastereomer. The detection limit was improved by the coupling technique of MS/MS. This review summarizes the levels and analytical developments of HBCDs. HBCD stereoisomers transform and degrade during production, which is a potential avenue for future research work. Further study on the environmental behaviour of HBCDs, their evolvement trend, control measures and alternative development are suggested in order to to build a larger HBCD database to meet the convention and to prepare more efficient risk management.
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Keywords:
- brominated /
- flame /
- retardants /
- hexabromocyclododecanes /
- (HBCDs)
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