单颗粒电子探针能谱定量分析方法研究进展
Progress on Single Particle EPMA/EDS Quantitative Analytical Methods
-
摘要: 对单颗粒电子探针能谱定量分析所涉及的样品制备方法、定量分析校正方法、测试条件以及数据处理方法等进行了简要介绍,并对该技术的最新研究成果、发展趋势及其应用前景进行了评述,最后指出了国内在该研究领域存在的问题并提出了相应的解决方案。Abstract: In this paper, electron probe micro analysis/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EPMA/EDS) related aspects such as sample preparation methods, quantitative correction methods, measurement conditions and data processing methods etc. were introduced briefly. And the new research progress and achievements, development trend and application prospects were also reviewed. And the problems existed in this research field in domestic were pointed out and some corresponding problem-solving proposals were also proposed.
-
Keywords:
- single /
- particle /
- EPMA /
- quantitative
-
-
邵龙义,杨书申,李卫军,肖正辉,陈江峰.大气颗粒物单颗粒分析方法的应用现状及展望[J].古地理学报,2005,7(4):535-548. Kang S J, Hwang H J, Kang S, Park Y M, Kim H K, Ro C U.Quantitative ED-EPMA combined with morphological information for the characterization of individual aerosol particles collected in Incheon, Korea[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009,43:3445-3453. Kang S J, Hwang H J, Kang S, Park Y M, Kim H K, Ro C U.Quantitative ED-EPMA combined with morphological information for the characterization of individual aerosol particles collected in Incheon, Korea[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009,43:3445-3453.
Murakami M, Makajima F, Furumai H, Tomiyasu B, Owari M. Identification of particles containing chro-mium and lead in road dust and soakaway sediment by electron probe microanalyser[J].Chemophere,2007,67:2000-2010. Murakami M, Makajima F, Furumai H, Tomiyasu B, Owari M. Identification of particles containing chro-mium and lead in road dust and soakaway sediment by electron probe microanalyser[J].Chemophere,2007,67:2000-2010.
Belozerova O Y. Investigation of soil mineral compo-nent in the Baikal Reigion by X-ray electron probe microanalysis[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2009, 64:1248 1252. Belozerova O Y. Investigation of soil mineral compo-nent in the Baikal Reigion by X-ray electron probe microanalysis[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2009, 64:1248 1252.
Kyotani T, Koshimizu S. Quantification of Asian dust-storm particles (Kosa) in lake Kawaguchi at the foot of Mt. Fuji, central Japan by SEM-EDX and its application to paleo-climate analysis[J].Analytical Sciences, 2001,17:1593-1596. Kyotani T, Koshimizu S. Quantification of Asian dust-storm particles (Kosa) in lake Kawaguchi at the foot of Mt. Fuji, central Japan by SEM-EDX and its application to paleo-climate analysis[J].Analytical Sciences, 2001,17:1593-1596.
Iwamoto Y, Narita Y, Tsuda A, Uematsu M. Single particle analysis of oceanic suspended matter during the SEEDS Ⅱ iron fertilization experiment[J].Marine Chemistry, 2009, 113:212-218. Iwamoto Y, Narita Y, Tsuda A, Uematsu M. Single particle analysis of oceanic suspended matter during the SEEDS Ⅱ iron fertilization experiment[J].Marine Chemistry, 2009, 113:212-218.
Osn J, Trk S, Alfldy B, Alsecz A, Falkenberg G, Baik S Y, Van Grieken R. Comparison of sediment pollution in the rivers of the Hungarian Upper Tesza Region using non-destructive analytical techniques[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2007, 62(2):123-136. Osn J, Trk S, Alfldy B, Alsecz A, Falkenberg G, Baik S Y, Van Grieken R. Comparison of sediment pollution in the rivers of the Hungarian Upper Tesza Region using non-destructive analytical techniques[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2007, 62(2):123-136.
Torquato S, Haslach J H W. Random heterogeneous materials: Microstructure and macroscopic properties[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 2002, 55(4):62-63. Torquato S, Haslach J H W. Random heterogeneous materials: Microstructure and macroscopic properties[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 2002, 55(4):62-63.
Zhang J M, Li S X, Yang Z G, Li G Y, Hui W J, Q Y. Influence of inclusion size on fatigue behavior of high strength steels in the gigacycle fatigue regime[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2007, 29:765-771. Zhang J M, Li S X, Yang Z G, Li G Y, Hui W J, Q Y. Influence of inclusion size on fatigue behavior of high strength steels in the gigacycle fatigue regime[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2007, 29:765-771.
Nakai I, Ono Y, Li Q H, Nishiwaki Y, Tanaka K, Nakayama S. Capability of a TES microcalorimeter SEM-EDS system for forensic analysis of automotive paint and gunshot residue[J]. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2009, 42(5):402-410. Nakai I, Ono Y, Li Q H, Nishiwaki Y, Tanaka K, Nakayama S. Capability of a TES microcalorimeter SEM-EDS system for forensic analysis of automotive paint and gunshot residue[J]. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2009, 42(5):402-410.
Rijnders M R, Stamouli A, Bolck A. Comparison of GSR composition occurring at different locations around the firing position[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010, 55(3):616–623. Rijnders M R, Stamouli A, Bolck A. Comparison of GSR composition occurring at different locations around the firing position[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010, 55(3):616–623.
Armstrong J T. Quantitative chemical analysis of indi-vidual microparticles using the electron microprobe: Theoretical[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1975, 47(13):2178-2192. Armstrong J T. Quantitative chemical analysis of indi-vidual microparticles using the electron microprobe: Theoretical[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1975, 47(13):2178-2192.
杨业智,朱绫,刘涛.电子探针分析微粒样品的校正方法[J].电子显微学报,1989,8(2):59-66. Van Borm W A, Adams F C. A standardless ZAF correction for semi-quantitative electron probe micro- analysis of microscopical particles[J]. X-ray Spectrometry, 1991, 20:51-62. Van Borm W A, Adams F C. A standardless ZAF correction for semi-quantitative electron probe micro- analysis of microscopical particles[J]. X-ray Spectrometry, 1991, 20:51-62.
Gauvin R, L'Espérance G, St-laurent S. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of spherical inclusions embedded in a matrix using a SEM and Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Scanning, 1992, 14:37-48. Gauvin R, L'Espérance G, St-laurent S. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of spherical inclusions embedded in a matrix using a SEM and Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Scanning, 1992, 14:37-48.
Ro C U, Osn J, Van Grieken R. Determination of low-Z elements in individual environmental particles using windowless EPMA[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1999, 71:1521-1528. Ro C U, Osn J, Van Grieken R. Determination of low-Z elements in individual environmental particles using windowless EPMA[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1999, 71:1521-1528.
Weinbruch S, Wentzel M, Kluckner M, Hoffmann P, Ortner H M. Characterization of individual atmospheric particles by element mapping in electron probe microanalysis[J].Mikrochim Acta,1997,125:137-141. Weinbruch S, Wentzel M, Kluckner M, Hoffmann P, Ortner H M. Characterization of individual atmospheric particles by element mapping in electron probe microanalysis[J].Mikrochim Acta,1997,125:137-141.
Kluckner M, Brandl O, Weinbruch S, Stadermann F J, Ortner H M. A method to correct defocused element distribution maps in electron probe microanalysis[J].Mikrochim Acta,1997,125:229-234. Kluckner M, Brandl O, Weinbruch S, Stadermann F J, Ortner H M. A method to correct defocused element distribution maps in electron probe microanalysis[J].Mikrochim Acta,1997,125:229-234.
Fitzgerald R, Keil K, Heinrich Kurt F J. Solid-state energy-dispersion spectrometer for electron-microprobe X-ray analysis[J].Science,1968,159(3814):528-530. Fitzgerald R, Keil K, Heinrich Kurt F J. Solid-state energy-dispersion spectrometer for electron-microprobe X-ray analysis[J].Science,1968,159(3814):528-530.
Ro C U, Kim H K, Van Grieken R. An expert system for chemical speciation of individual particles using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis data[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 76:1322-1327. Ro C U, Kim H K, Van Grieken R. An expert system for chemical speciation of individual particles using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis data[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 76:1322-1327.
Laskin A, Cowin J P. Automated single-particle SEM/EDX analysis of submicrometer particles down to 0.1mm[J].Analytical Chemistry,2001,73:1023-1029. Laskin A, Cowin J P. Automated single-particle SEM/EDX analysis of submicrometer particles down to 0.1mm[J].Analytical Chemistry,2001,73:1023-1029.
Ryu J Y, Ro C U. Attenuated total reflectance FT-IR imaging and quantitative energy dispersive-electron probe X-ray microanalysis techniques for single particle analysis of atmospheric aerosol particles[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2009, 81:6695-6707. Ryu J Y, Ro C U. Attenuated total reflectance FT-IR imaging and quantitative energy dispersive-electron probe X-ray microanalysis techniques for single particle analysis of atmospheric aerosol particles[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2009, 81:6695-6707.
Worobiec A, Hoog J D, Osn J, Szalóki I, Ro C U, Van Grieken R. Thermal stability of beam sensitive atmospheric aerosol particles in electron probe microanalysis at liquid nitrogen temperature[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2003, 58:479-496. Worobiec A, Hoog J D, Osn J, Szalóki I, Ro C U, Van Grieken R. Thermal stability of beam sensitive atmospheric aerosol particles in electron probe microanalysis at liquid nitrogen temperature[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2003, 58:479-496.
SzalókiI, Osn J, Ro C U, Van Grieken R. Quanti-tative characterization of individual aerosol particles by thin-window electron probe microanalysis combined with iterative simulation[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2000, 55:1017-1030. SzalókiI, Osn J, Ro C U, Van Grieken R. Quanti-tative characterization of individual aerosol particles by thin-window electron probe microanalysis combined with iterative simulation[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2000, 55:1017-1030.
Osn J, Szalóki I, Ro C U, Van Grieken R. Light element analysis of individual microparticles using thin-window EPMA[J]. Mikrochim Acta, 2000, 132:349-355. Osn J, Szalóki I, Ro C U, Van Grieken R. Light element analysis of individual microparticles using thin-window EPMA[J]. Mikrochim Acta, 2000, 132:349-355.
Small J A. The analysis of particles at low accelerating voltages(≤10kV) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy[J].Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002, 107(6):555-566. Small J A. The analysis of particles at low accelerating voltages(≤10kV) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy[J].Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002, 107(6):555-566.
周剑雄,毛水和.电子探针分析[M].北京:地质出版社, 1988:212-223. Van Borm W A, Adams F C. Recent advances in electron-probe X-ray microanalysis[J].Anal Chim Acta,1989,218:185-215. Van Borm W A, Adams F C. Recent advances in electron-probe X-ray microanalysis[J].Anal Chim Acta,1989,218:185-215.
Marinenko R B, Roberson S, Small J S, Thorne B B, Blackburn D, Kauffman D, Leigh S. Preparation and certification of K-411 glass microsphere[J].Microscopy and Microanalysis,2000,6:542-550. Marinenko R B, Roberson S, Small J S, Thorne B B, Blackburn D, Kauffman D, Leigh S. Preparation and certification of K-411 glass microsphere[J].Microscopy and Microanalysis,2000,6:542-550.
Statham P J. Measurement and use of peak-to-back-ground ratios in X-ray analysis[J].Mikrochim Acta,1979, 8(Suppl):229. Statham P J. Measurement and use of peak-to-back-ground ratios in X-ray analysis[J].Mikrochim Acta,1979, 8(Suppl):229.
Hovington P, Drouin D, Gauvin R. CASINO: A new Monte Carlo code in C language for electron beam interaction(part Ⅰ: Description of the program[J].Scanning, 1997, 19:1-14. Hovington P, Drouin D, Gauvin R. CASINO: A new Monte Carlo code in C language for electron beam interaction(part Ⅰ: Description of the program[J].Scanning, 1997, 19:1-14.
Maskey S, Cho l M, Kang S, Hwang H J, Kim H K, Ro C U. The influence of collecting substrates on the single-particle characterization of real atmospheric aerosols[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2010, 658:120-127. Maskey S, Cho l M, Kang S, Hwang H J, Kim H K, Ro C U. The influence of collecting substrates on the single-particle characterization of real atmospheric aerosols[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2010, 658:120-127.
Ro C U, Oh K Y, Kim H K, Chun Y, Os n J, Hoog J D, Van Grieken R. Chemical speciation of individual atmospheric particles using low-Z electron probe X-ray microanalysis: characterizing "Asian Dust" deposited with rainwater in Seoul, Korea[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35:4995-5005. Ro C U, Oh K Y, Kim H K, Chun Y, Os n J, Hoog J D, Van Grieken R. Chemical speciation of individual atmospheric particles using low-Z electron probe X-ray microanalysis: characterizing "Asian Dust" deposited with rainwater in Seoul, Korea[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35:4995-5005.
Gauvin R, Hovington P, Drouin D. Quantification of spherical inclusions in the scanning electron microscope using Monte Carlo simulations[J].Scanning,1995,17:202-219. Gauvin R, Hovington P, Drouin D. Quantification of spherical inclusions in the scanning electron microscope using Monte Carlo simulations[J].Scanning,1995,17:202-219.
Szalóki I, Osn J, Worobiec A, Hoog J D, Van Grieken R. Optimization of experimental conditions of thin-window EPMA for light-element analysis of individual environmental particles[J].X-Ray Spectrometry, 2001, 30:143-155. Szalóki I, Osn J, Worobiec A, Hoog J D, Van Grieken R. Optimization of experimental conditions of thin-window EPMA for light-element analysis of individual environmental particles[J].X-Ray Spectrometry, 2001, 30:143-155.
Godoi R H M, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Hoog J D, Kaegi R, Van Grieken R. Substrate selection for optimum qualitative and quantitative single atmospheric particles analysis using nano-manipulation, sequential thin-window electron probe X-ray microanalysis and micro-Raman spectrometry[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2006, 61:375-388. Godoi R H M, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Hoog J D, Kaegi R, Van Grieken R. Substrate selection for optimum qualitative and quantitative single atmospheric particles analysis using nano-manipulation, sequential thin-window electron probe X-ray microanalysis and micro-Raman spectrometry[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 2006, 61:375-388.
Cho l M, Deboudt K, Os n J, Flament P, Van Grieken R. Quantitative determination of low-Z elements in single atmospheric particles on boron substrates by automated scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2005, 77:5686-5692. Cho l M, Deboudt K, Os n J, Flament P, Van Grieken R. Quantitative determination of low-Z elements in single atmospheric particles on boron substrates by automated scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2005, 77:5686-5692.
Windsor E S , Newbury D E, Kessler J D.New boron substrates for particle microanalysis, www.cstl.nist.gov/div837/Division/techac/2000/BoronSubstrateEPMA. htm . Windsor E S , Newbury D E, Kessler J D.New boron substrates for particle microanalysis, www.cstl.nist.gov/div837/Division/techac/2000/BoronSubstrateEPMA. htm .
Ebert M, Weinbruch S, Hoffmann P, Ortner H M. The chemical composition and complex refractive index of rural and urban influenced aerosols determined by individual particle analysis[J].Atmospheric Environ-ment, 2004, 38:6531-6545. Ebert M, Weinbruch S, Hoffmann P, Ortner H M. The chemical composition and complex refractive index of rural and urban influenced aerosols determined by individual particle analysis[J].Atmospheric Environ-ment, 2004, 38:6531-6545.
Pratesi G, Zoppi M, Vaiani T, Calastrini F. A morpho-metric and compositional approach to the study of ambient aerosol in a medium industrial town of Italy[J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2007, 179:283-296. Pratesi G, Zoppi M, Vaiani T, Calastrini F. A morpho-metric and compositional approach to the study of ambient aerosol in a medium industrial town of Italy[J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2007, 179:283-296.
Van Borm W A, Adams Freddy C. Cluster analysis of electron microprobe analysis data of individual particles for source apportionment of air particulate matter[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1988, 22(10):2297-2307. Van Borm W A, Adams Freddy C. Cluster analysis of electron microprobe analysis data of individual particles for source apportionment of air particulate matter[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1988, 22(10):2297-2307.
Stefaniak E A, Buczynska A, Novakovic V, Kuduk R, Van Grieken R. Determination of chemical composition of individual airborne particles by SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry: A review[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2009, 162:1-16. Stefaniak E A, Buczynska A, Novakovic V, Kuduk R, Van Grieken R. Determination of chemical composition of individual airborne particles by SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry: A review[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2009, 162:1-16.
Rojas C M, Figueroa L, Janssens K H, Van Espen P E, Adams F C, Van Grieken R E. The elemental composition of airborne particulate matter in the Atacama desert, Chile[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 1990, 91:251-267. Rojas C M, Figueroa L, Janssens K H, Van Espen P E, Adams F C, Van Grieken R E. The elemental composition of airborne particulate matter in the Atacama desert, Chile[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 1990, 91:251-267.
Bernard P C, Van Grieken R E, Eisma D. Classification of estuarine particles using automated electron microprobe analysis and multivariate techniques[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1986, 20:467-473. Bernard P C, Van Grieken R E, Eisma D. Classification of estuarine particles using automated electron microprobe analysis and multivariate techniques[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1986, 20:467-473.
Bondarenko I, Van Malderen H, Treiger B, Van Espen P, Van Grieken R. Hierarchical cluster analysis with stopping rules built on Akaike's information criterion for aerosol particle classification based on electron probe X-ray microanalysis[J]. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 1994, 22:87-95. Bondarenko I, Van Malderen H, Treiger B, Van Espen P, Van Grieken R. Hierarchical cluster analysis with stopping rules built on Akaike's information criterion for aerosol particle classification based on electron probe X-ray microanalysis[J]. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 1994, 22:87-95.
Osn J, Hoog J D, Worobiec A, Ro C U, Oh K Y, Szal ki I, Van Grieken R. Application of chemometric methods for classification of atmospheric particles based on thin-window electron probe microanalysis data[J].Analytica Chimica Acta, 2001, 446:211-222. Osn J, Hoog J D, Worobiec A, Ro C U, Oh K Y, Szal ki I, Van Grieken R. Application of chemometric methods for classification of atmospheric particles based on thin-window electron probe microanalysis data[J].Analytica Chimica Acta, 2001, 446:211-222.
Spolnik Z, Zhang J, Wagatsuma K, Tsuji K. Grazing-exit electron probe X-ray microanalysis of ultra-thin films and single particles with high-angle resolution[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2002, 455:245-252. Spolnik Z, Zhang J, Wagatsuma K, Tsuji K. Grazing-exit electron probe X-ray microanalysis of ultra-thin films and single particles with high-angle resolution[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2002, 455:245-252.
Tsuji K, Spolnik Z, Ashino T. New experimental equipment for grazing-exit electron-probe microanalysis[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments,2001,72:3933-3936. Tsuji K, Spolnik Z, Ashino T. New experimental equipment for grazing-exit electron-probe microanalysis[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments,2001,72:3933-3936.
Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Brooker A, Darchuk L, Stefaniak E, Van Grieken R. Interfaced SEM/EDX and micro-Raman Spectrometry for characterisation of heterogeneous environmental particles-Fundamental and practical challenges[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2010, 94:65-72. Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Brooker A, Darchuk L, Stefaniak E, Van Grieken R. Interfaced SEM/EDX and micro-Raman Spectrometry for characterisation of heterogeneous environmental particles-Fundamental and practical challenges[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2010, 94:65-72.
Carson Peter G, Neubauer Kenneth R, Johnston Murray V, Wexler Anthony S. On-line chemical analysis of aerosols by rapid single-particle mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 1995, 26(4):535-545. Carson Peter G, Neubauer Kenneth R, Johnston Murray V, Wexler Anthony S. On-line chemical analysis of aerosols by rapid single-particle mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 1995, 26(4):535-545.
Egerton R F. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM [J]. Reports on Progress in Physics, 2009,72(1):016502. Egerton R F. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM [J]. Reports on Progress in Physics, 2009,72(1):016502.
Pósfai M, Buseck P R. Nature and climate effects of individual tropospheric aerosol particles [J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2010,38:17-43. Pósfai M, Buseck P R. Nature and climate effects of individual tropospheric aerosol particles [J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2010,38:17-43.
Venables J A, Liu J Y. Scanning electron and Auger micro-scopy of surfaces and small particles [J]. Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, 2006, 10:1081. Venables J A, Liu J Y. Scanning electron and Auger micro-scopy of surfaces and small particles [J]. Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, 2006, 10:1081.
Peterson R E, Tyler B J. Surface composition of atmospheric aerosol: individual particle characterization by TOF-SIMS [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2003, 203:751-756. Peterson R E, Tyler B J. Surface composition of atmospheric aerosol: individual particle characterization by TOF-SIMS [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2003, 203:751-756.
Bailey M J, Kirkby K J, Jeynes C. Trace element profiling of gunshot residues by PIXE and SEM-EDS: A feasibility study [J].X-Ray Spectrometry,2008,38(3):190-194. Bailey M J, Kirkby K J, Jeynes C. Trace element profiling of gunshot residues by PIXE and SEM-EDS: A feasibility study [J].X-Ray Spectrometry,2008,38(3):190-194.
Bukowiecki N, Lienemann P,Zwicky C. X-ray fluores-cence spectrometry for high throughput analysis of atmospheric aerosol samples: The benefits of synchrotron X-rays [J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B,2008,63:929-938. Bukowiecki N, Lienemann P,Zwicky C. X-ray fluores-cence spectrometry for high throughput analysis of atmospheric aerosol samples: The benefits of synchrotron X-rays [J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B,2008,63:929-938.
Gilham R J, Spencer S J, Butterfield D, Seah M P, Quincey P G. On the applicability of XPS for quantitative total organic and elemental carbon analysis of airborne particulate matter [J].Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(16):3888-3891. Gilham R J, Spencer S J, Butterfield D, Seah M P, Quincey P G. On the applicability of XPS for quantitative total organic and elemental carbon analysis of airborne particulate matter [J].Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(16):3888-3891.
ISO 22309—2006, Microbeam analysis quantitative analysis using energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS)[S].First Edition. ISO 22309—2006, Microbeam analysis quantitative analysis using energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS)[S].First Edition.
计量
- 文章访问数: 1577
- HTML全文浏览量: 1
- PDF下载量: 1745