Preparation and Certification of Reference Materials for Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Water
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摘要:
我国氢氧同位素国家一级标准物质经过二十余年的使用,现已不能满足需求,急需研制代表当今分析技术水平的新的氢氧同位素国家标准物质。本文研制了系列(4个)水中氢氧同位素标准物质,其中三个采自天然水样,一个为人工配制的贫氘水,三种天然水样基本涵盖了我国境内天然水的氢氧同位素组成范围。每种标准物质随机抽取30瓶的均匀性子样,每份子样做双份分析,进行均匀性检验,四种标准物质的均匀性检验得到的F值都小于相应的自由度的临界值,显示四种标准物质的均匀性良好。标准物质的δ18O和δD值经过2年的稳定性检验,特征量值变化在不确定度范围,由此判定δD、δ18O值稳定性良好。采用国际间实验室采用不同原理的方法协同定值,11家国内外实验室分别采用Cr还原法、激光法、H2-H2O平衡法、高温热转换元素分析法进行水中氢同位素定值,采用CO2-H2O平衡法进行氧同位素定值;定值不确定度显著降低,δ18O的扩展不确定度小于0.08‰,δD的扩展不确定度小于0.9‰。该标准物质已被国家质检总局批准确为国家一级标准物质,批准号为GBW 04458~GBW 04461。
Abstract:Certified reference materials of water for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were developed and have been used for more than 30 years. However, they no longer meet the requirements for newly developed technologies. New reference materials of water have been developed, including three natural water samples and one artificially deuterium depleted water sample and are discussed in this paper. The three natural water samples mostly cover the range of δ18O and δD values for the majority of natural water in China. 30 ampoules were selected randomly from the 5000 ampoules for homogeneity test and each sample was measured twice. According to the homogeneity test results, no statistically significant heterogeneity was found based on the F test. The verified results by variance analysis for four material samples showed very good homogeneity for the series. Nearly two years of stability analysis of δ18O and δD values confirm that they have no statistically significant instability. The certified values of the reference materials were determined by an inter-laboratory comparison of 11 participating laboratories, using different measurement methods and instruments. Uncertainty assessment was performed. The δD value of the reference materials was determined by the chromium-reduction method, H2-H2O equilibration using platinum as a catalyst, laser-based stable isotope measurement, and high-temperature conversion/elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (elemental analyzer systems; IRMS). The δ18O value of the reference materials was determined primarily by the classic CO2-H2O equilibration method. The expanded uncertainties at the 95% confidence level of δ18O were less than 0.08‰ and δD was less than 0.9‰. The reference materials were approved as certified reference materials by AQSIQ, China (State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine) in 2012. The serial numbers are GBW 04458-GBW 04461.
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Keywords:
- reference material /
- hydrogen and oxygen isotopes /
- certified values /
- uncertainty
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1. 祖母绿的基本结构特性
祖母绿,由Cr致色,属环状硅酸盐矿物,六方晶系,空间群D6h2-P6/mcc,[SiO4]、[BeO4]和[AlO6]以6︰3︰2的比例组成Be3A12[Si6O18]。结构中[SiO4]四面体以两个角顶联结在平面上,形成封闭的六方环,垂直c轴平行排列。上下两环错动25°,环之间由Al3+和Be2+连接,铝配位数为6,铍配位数为4。[AlO6]八面体和[BeO4]四面体以共棱的方式连结,分布在环的外侧[3-6]。环中心平行于c轴,为连通性较好的结构通道,可容纳Na+、K+、Cs+等大半径离子和水分子。由于环状结构的离子堆积程度较差,晶格中部分Al、Be可被Cr、Fe、Mg、Mn、Li等类质同象替代[1,3]。
2. 新疆祖母绿产地和主要特性
2.1 新疆祖母绿的产地
新疆祖母绿矿区位于西昆仑、喀喇昆仑、帕米尔构造单元的结合处。东北部属塔里木板块南缘活动带公格尔—喀拉塔什中间地块的西北段;西南部属华南板块羌塘微板块的一部分。
该区域祖母绿多产在碳酸盐岩脉中,碳酸盐岩脉主要以斜交脉、顺层脉产于片岩、片麻岩、炭质页岩中,以脉状、透镜状、雁行状为主,走向以北西向为主[7-9]。
2.2 新疆祖母绿的主要特性
新疆祖母绿晶体多呈绿色、翠绿色;半透明—透明;短柱状或长柱状,长1~8 cm,对径0.5~3 cm,玻璃光泽,摩氏硬度为7.5,密度2.70 g/cm3;多为非均质体,具一轴晶,有负光性;折射率1.574~1.576,双折射率0.005~0.009。
3. 新疆祖母绿测试分析
采用EPMA和XRD测试技术,对新疆祖母绿成分及结构的研究非常重要。为此,作者利用XRD对新疆祖母绿典型样品进行测试分析,从而获取一些初步研究结果,对进一步深入研究新疆祖母绿具有重要的矿物学研究意义。
3.1 电子探针分析
3.1.1 化学成分分析
本次EPMA测试分析样品,采用产于新疆的天然祖母绿典型样品,粗粒状,翠绿色。利用日本电子公司JXA-733探针-扫描电子显微镜,测定新疆天然祖母绿的化学成分,结果见表 1[9]。
表 1 新疆祖母绿电子探针显微成分分析Table 1. Analytical results of components in emeralds from Xinjiang by EPMA原编号 样品名称 wB/% SiO2 Al2O3 K2O FeO CaO MgO Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO Na2O 总计 08TY-1 祖母绿 66.21 16.39 0.03 1.13 0.13 1.33 0.32 0.01 0.00 1.02 86.57 08TY-2 祖母绿 67.66 15.04 0.02 0.86 0.06 1.57 0.21 0.03 0.04 0.71 86.20 08TY-3 祖母绿 65.78 16.28 0.09 1.50 0.12 1.61 0.54 0.03 0.03 0.88 86.86 由表 1可见,样品主要成分为:SiO2 (65.78 %~67.66%)、Al2O3 (15.04%~16.39%)、K2O (0.02%~0.09%)、FeO (0.86%~1.50%)、CaO (0.06%~0.13%)、MgO (1.33%~1.61%)、Cr2O3 (0.21%~0.54%)、TiO2 (0.01%~0.03%)、MnO (0.00%~0.04%)、Na2O (0.71%~1.02%) 等。
祖母绿晶体中Cr2O3含量一般为0.15%~0.20%,深绿色晶体可达0.50%~0.60%;绿柱石中SiO2含量为66.90%,Al2O3含量为19.0%[1,10]。
新疆祖母绿较之绿柱石,SiO2和Al2O3均有大量类质同像替代存在。较之祖母绿理论含量,新疆祖母绿中Cr2O3含量较高,所呈颜色多在翠绿至深绿之间。
3.1.2 环带成分差异
新疆祖母绿样品存在同心圆状颜色环带,环带间颜色有明显差异,特征如下 (见表 2):①外环颜色显深绿色,内环颜色明显较浅。从成分上分析,祖母绿 (外环) Cr2O3含量明显高于祖母绿 (内环)[9]。②祖母绿 (外环) FeO含量明显高于祖母绿 (内环)。③外环K2O+Na2O总量明显低于内环;且碱 (Na2O+K2O) 含量有较宽的变化范围 (0.36%~1.17%)。
表 2 新疆祖母绿电子探针成分分析Table 2. Analytical results of components in emeralds from Xinjiang by EPMA样品名称 wB/% SiO2 Al2O3 K2O FeO CaO MgO Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO Na2O 总计 祖母绿 (内环) 65.30 16.36 0.15 1.26 0.18 1.72 0.43 0.02 0.02 0.95 86.39 祖母绿 (外环) 66.25 16.20 0.04 1.74 0.06 1.50 0.65 0.05 0.03 0.81 87.33 3.2 X射线衍射分析
选择具有典型代表性的新疆祖母绿 (绿柱石),利用D/MAX-3A X射线衍射仪 (日本理学公司) 对粉末样品进行分析。所得祖母绿样品的晶胞参数为:a0=0.9233 nm,c0=0.9206 nm,Z=2,主要粉晶谱线为2.871 (100)、3.257 (100)、7.996 (100),详见图 1和表 3。
表 3 新疆祖母绿X射线衍射数据Table 3. X-ray diffractometric data of emeralds from Xinjiang序号 d hkl 第一次 第二次 第三次 平均值 1 7.993 7.997 7.997 7.996 100 2 4.594 4.594 4.594 4.594 110,002 3 3.984 3.984 3.984 3.984 200,102 4 3.257 3.257 3.257 3.257 112 5 3.017 3.018 3.018 3.018 210,202 6 2.871 2.871 2.871 2.871 211 7 2.525 2.526 2.526 2.526 212 8 2.297 2.297 2.297 2.297 220,302 9 2.208 2.207 2.207 2.207 104 10 2.155 2.155 2.155 2.155 311 11 1.992 1.992 1.992 1.992 312,204 12 1.835 1.835 320,402 13 1.797 1.797 1.797 1.797 321,313 14 1.741 1.741 1.741 1.741 304 15 1.715 1.715 1.715 1.715 411 16 1.629 1.628 1.629 1.629 412,224 17 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 500,314 18 1.571 1.571 1.571 323 19 1.532 1.532 1.532 1.532 006 20 1.517 1.517 1.517 1.517 413 21 1.460 1.460 1.460 1.460 116 22 1.436 1.434 1.436 1.435 510,422 23 1.371 1.371 1.371 1.371 512 祖母绿晶体发生类质同象替代,会对祖母绿的晶胞参数产生影响。如Me类质同象代替Al,导致Me—O键长变长,八面体体积增大,由此挤压c轴方向致使八面体发生形变。a轴方向键长变长也会影响晶胞参数a的值。四面体配位中Li+代替Be2+,使Me—O键长增加,伴随着c值的增加。绿柱石理论晶胞参数为a=0.9188 nm,c=0.9189 nm,c/a为0.997~0.998,据c/a比值可将绿柱石分为以下两种类型[11-13]。
(1) 以Al3+的八面体类质同象替代为主的绿柱石。c/a为0.991~0.998,随替代量增加,其a值增加,c值保持稳定。
(2) 以Li+→Be2+的四面体替代为主的绿柱石。c/a为0.999~1.003,随替代量增加,a值保持稳定,c值增加。
由图 1和表 2可见,新疆祖母绿样品的X射线衍射线的主要峰位置与强度几乎吻合,a0=0.9233 nm,c0=0.9206 nm,Z=2。样品晶胞参数a、c值 (c/a=0.997) 与标准绿柱石相比,表明新疆祖母绿晶体晶格中存在大量Al的类质同相替代,这与本文化学成分分析结果一致。测定的c/a值表明新疆祖母绿以[A1O6]八面体类质同象替代为主。
4. 结语
(1) 新疆祖母绿化学成分中Cr2O3含量较高,一般为0.21%~0.54%。测得样品晶胞参数为:a0=0.9233 nm,c0=0.9206 nm,Z=2,主要粉晶谱线为2.871 (100)、3.257 (100)、7.996 (100)。
(2) 新疆祖母绿较之标准绿柱石,其SiO2和Al2O3均有大量类质同像替代存在。
(3) 测定的c/a值表明,新疆祖母绿属于以[A1O6]八面体类质同象替代为主的绿柱石。
新疆祖母绿是我国的又一种高档宝石,在一定程度上填补了我国优质祖母绿宝石的空白。多项测试数据表明,新疆祖母绿具有高品质祖母绿宝石的特征,对其研究工作需要多角度、全方面深入。本文仅从电子探针显微分析 (EPMA) 和X射线衍射 (XRD) 测试结果与晶体结构的角度进行了分析,对新疆祖母绿晶体化学特征进行了初探,以供进一步工作参考。
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表 1 δ18O均匀性检验方差分析结果
Table 1 Variance analysis for δ18O homogeneity inspection of reference sample
δ18O Q2 ν2 s22 Q1 ν1 s12 F Fα(ν1,ν2) OH1 0.1539 30 0.0051 0.1682 29 0.0058 1.13 1.85 OH2 0.1541 0.0051 0.1828 0.0063 1.23 OH3 0.4671 0.0156 0.4663 0.0016 1.03 OH4 0.9487 0.0316 0.9248 0.0319 1.01 表 2 δD均匀性检验方差分析结果
Table 2 Variance analysis for δD homogeneity inspection of reference sample
δD Q2 ν2 s22 Q1 ν1 s12 F Fα(ν1,ν2) OH1 14.1236 30 0.4708 14.5145 29 0.5005 1.06 1.85 OH2 12.9580 0.4319 10.5860 0.3650 0.85 OH3 15.8849 0.5295 18.3126 0.6315 1.19 OH4 34.0670 1.1356 34.0444 1.1739 1.03 表 3 δ18O标准溶液稳定性检验结果
Table 3 The stability test of δ18O values for the four reference materials
δ18O 1 3 6 12 24 均值 标准偏差
sOH1 -0.19 -0.14 -0.16 -0.24 -0.15 -0.18 0.040 OH2 -8.64 -8.70 -8.63 -8.72 -8.62 -9.66 0.045 OH3 -19.03 -19.13 -19.13 -19.11 -19.14 -19.11 0.045 OH4 -55.80 -55.73 -55.81 -55.79 -55.82 -55.79 0.035 表 4 δD标准溶液稳定性检验结果
Table 4 The stability test of δD values for the four reference materials
δD 1 4 12 24 均值 标准偏差
sOH1 -2.34 -2.11 -2.17 -1.61 -2.06 0.32 OH2 -63.27 -63.28 -63.39 -63.26 -63.30 0.06 OH3 -143.02 -143.55 -143.15 -143.95 -143.42 0.42 OH4 -433.87 -433.08 -433.64 -433.63 -433.56 0.34 表 5 各实验室的分析数据
Table 5 Multiple measurement data of δD for the four reference materials
实验室编号 δDVSMOW/‰ OH1 OH2 OH3 OH4 1 -1.55 -63.20 -143.93 -432.19 2 -1.52 -62.72 -143.43 -433.68 3 -1.35 -62.92 -144.38 -434.26 4 -2.17 -63.39 -143.15 -433.64 5 -1.61 -63.26 -143.95 -433.63 6 -2.30 -63.69 -144.20 -433.90 7 -2.08 -63.85 -144.37 -432.03 8 -3.68* -63.67 -143.32 -432.92 9 -1.56 -63.19 -144.10 -434.21 10 -1.79 -64.11 -145.03 -433.36 11 -1.50 -63.25 -143.71 -433.27 12 -1.71 -63.88 -144.54 -432.59 注:“*”表示剔除数据。 表 6 各实验室δ18O的分析数据
Table 6 Multiple measurement data of δ18O for the four reference materials
实验室编号 δ18OVSMOW/‰ OH1 OH2 OH3 OH4 1 -0.14 -8.55 -19.09 -55.72 2 -0.16 -8.63 -19.13 -55.81 3 -0.16 -8.62 -19.16 -55.91 4 -0.12 -8.66 -19.15 -55.82 5 -0.16 -8.67 -19.19 -55.67 6 -0.20 -8.56 -19.01 -55.54 7 -0.10 -8.61 -19.17 -55.80 8 -0.19 -8.60 -19.12 -55.71 9 -0.16 -8.63 -19.20 -55.70 10 -0.14 -8.55 -19.09 -55.72 表 7 标准物质定值元素δ18O、δD的认定值及扩展不确定度
Table 7 δ18O and δD reference values for materials OH1 to OH4 and their associated expanded uncertainties (k=2)
项目 OH1 OH2 OH3 OH4 标准值及扩展不确定度
δ18OVSMOW/‰-0.15±0.07 -8.61±0.08 -19.13±0.07 -55.73±0.08 标准值及扩展不确定度
δDVSMOW/‰-1.7±0.4 -63.4±0.6 -144.0±0.8 -433.3±0.9 -
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