Research Development in in-situ X-ray Fluorescence Analysis Techniques
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摘要: 本文从携带式X射线荧光仪器、现场分析技术和技术应用三方面论述了现场X射线荧光分析技术的进展。从X射线激发源、X射线探测器和电子线路单元等角度,将携带式X射线荧光仪划分为四代,即以放射性同位源为激发源、以NaI(Tl)闪烁计数器为X射线探测器为技术特征的第一代仪器;以放射性同位素源和正比计数器为技术特征的第二代仪器;以放射性同位素、电制冷半导体探测器和以嵌入式微处理器为控制核心的多道脉冲幅度分析器为技术特征的第三代仪器;以低功率微型X射线发生器为激发源、电制冷半导体探测器和全数字化X射线能谱采集器为技术特征的第四代仪器。在现场分析技术方法方面,论述了X射线仪器谱解析技术、基体效应校正技术和现场原位分析中不平度效应、湿度效应、荧光颗粒不均匀效应校正技术进展。介绍了现场X射线荧光分析技术在地质矿产普查、环境污染调查、文物现场鉴定和合金分析等领域的应用进展。指出了目前国产携带式X射线荧光仪处于第三代和第四代仪器水平之间,低功率微型X射线发生器和电制冷半导体探测器还依赖于进口,全数字X射线能谱采集器还有待商品化;现场多元素分析的准确度和方法检出限都有待进一步改善;便携式仪器的应用领域有待拓宽。Abstract: The developments of in-situ X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis techniques in the fields of Portable XRF Spectrometer, in-situ analytical methods and its applications are described in this paper. Portable XRF Spectrometer has been divided into four generations, based on the aspects of X-ray excitation sources, X-ray detectors and electrical circuit units. The paper also documents some in-situ analytical methodologies for analyzing X-ray spectra, overcoming the influence of the matrix effect, unevenness effect, moisture effect and heterogeneous effect on in-situ XRF analysis results. Finally, some applications in mineral exploration, environmental investigation, cultural relic discrimination and alloy analysis are introduced. The domestic Portable XRF Spectrometer was between generations Ⅲ and Ⅳ. The low power miniature X-ray generator and electric refrigeration semiconductor detector were dependent upon importation from foreign countries. The full digital X-ray energy spectrum collector is not yet available commercially. It is also pointed out that there are some capabilities for improving the accuracy and method detection limit of in-situ analysis. Research fields need be broadened to include the applications of Portable XRF Spectrometer.
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2013年7月22日至8月3日,《岩矿测试》副主编、加拿大McMaster大学Lesley. M. Egden博士应邀来华为我刊作者进行“英文科技论文写作系列培训”。其间,我们在北京、青岛、成都三地举办了两期学习班和一次全国性学术报告会。
一位以英语为母语的外籍副主编,为一个中文期刊修改英文摘要,这听来也许并不难。但她作为一位在职的研究人员,已经坚持为我刊修改英文摘要三年了。三年来,她不仅对每一篇摘要作了英文行文中的修改,还给出了学术上更专业的表达建议,她不但没有因为我们耽误了她宝贵的时间而推辞,而且每次都能按时按点、按质按量地提交修改稿。这种节奏和压力,绝非一个没有亲历过期刊出版倒计时轮回的人能轻易体验到,这样繁杂细琐却需要绝对耐性和责任感的工作,也非每一个人可以数年如一日的坚持下来。
英文写作表达的对与错,常常差之毫厘,谬以千里,但这还不算最难的,最难的在于一种语言表达的习惯,几个均可的说法,只有一个最佳表达,你能说为什么做这样的选择,但很难解释清楚为什么。遇到这些情况,Lesley从未表现出一丝不屑和不耐烦,她总是以绝对真诚、耐心和友善的方式尝试从各种不同角度解答并确保每个学员都能理解。举手投足,一颦一笑,无不透出她发自心底的率真、善良、乐观和真诚,让人深深羡慕之余也不禁思忖,究竟是生活在怎样透明无邪的环境中,才能让她一直如此纯粹和真实?!
善良和真诚是一种品质。这样善良、真诚而真实的朋友,遇上一个是人生幸事,多有两个便是贪恋了。Lesley就是这样一位朋友。
Lesley是我见过的最痴迷于 Chinese Tea的老外,没有之一。学术交流之余,品茶和论茶,便成了我们谈论最多的话题。一日,她为了找到一种自己喜欢的地方特色茶,顶着烈日拉着我这个茶友兼“砍价工具”寻觅了一整个下午,踏遍了半个城市,走得口干舌燥,忽然在一僻静深巷,觅得一茶店,泡得一杯清茶,杯中嫩尖轻竖,鹅黄浅绿,香远益清,顿觉沁人心脾,意兴盎然。在这个炎夏看一壶嫩绿慢吐春日旧事,竟也别有一番美意。她每每喝到心仪的茶,总是一副目似暝,意暇甚的样子,飙出一句 I like it!这颇具穿越色彩的形象,直到现在还让人不禁掩卷长乐。
Lesley十分爱茶,从苦荞,胎菊,到普洱,龙井,她都能视若珍宝。这倒让我们这些惯以价格衡量茶品的人俗耐了不少,真是打天上掉下来一位不染凡尘的仙女,和我国传统仙女不同的是会爽朗大笑加满口洋文。快要离开中国的时候,她颇为得意的指着行李箱说,好庆幸这次来中国是夏天,因为这样可以少带一点衣服,多背一点茶叶回去,否则她即使整个坐在行李箱上也不能把行李箱盖上啊,哈哈哈……。这一席话说完,在场的人笑倒了一地。请问这位可爱的副主编大人,您每次都是这样将您视若珍宝的茶叶带回去的么?
这便是我们的副主编,在这个炎夏带给我们迭起的笑声和清新小插曲的Lesley。
这份夏日里她带给我们每个人的快乐,愿与您分享!
主编:罗立强
2013年8月10日
于北京
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图 2 黄铁矿颗粒微束微区X射线荧光矿物探针显微图像与X射线能谱[26]
(a)—黄铁矿颗粒显微图像;(b)—微区X射线能谱。 仪器:GFX-2000A型微束微区X射线荧光矿物探针。
Figure 2. Micro-picture and X-ray spectrum of a pyrite particle with a μ-XRF mineral probe
表 1 铁矿石光片微束微区X射线荧光矿物探针分析结果[28]
Table 1 Analytical results of mineral elements in a pyrite particle with a μ-XRF mineral probe
元素 测量点的测量结果wB/% 1号区域 2号区域 Ti 0.47 0.00 Cr 0.31 0.00 Mn 1.01 0.27 Fe 32.08 0.94 Ni 1.11 0.08 Cu 10.64 0.10 Zn 0.00 0.85 -
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