Analysis of Antibiotics in Groundwater: A Review
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摘要: 抗生素是一类环境中新型有机污染物,其在地下水系统中的污染状况和环境行为备受关注。本文从污染来源、危害、污染现状、检测技术和迁移转化等方面综述了近年来地下水中抗生素的研究现状。抗生素主要来源于抗生素生产工业、医疗卫生业、畜牧养殖业、水产养殖业等,进入地下水中的微量抗生素不但诱导抗药性细菌的产生,更对原位微生物及人体产生危害。检测技术的进步是抗生素污染研究的重要支撑,目前已有多种抗生素污染的检测技术,其中酶联免疫技术主要用于抗生素污染初步筛查;气相色谱-质谱技术由于需要衍生化等处理过程而较少使用;毛细管电泳技术具有消耗样品量少、分析成本低等优点,但重现性差使其应用受到限制;液相色谱技术是在抗生素检测中应用较普遍的技术,特别是液相色谱-串联质谱技术具有灵敏度高、检出限低、可检测多组分污染物等优点,应用最为广泛。近年来依托于各种检测技术在国内外均有地下水中抗生素检出的报道,其检出浓度范围1~104 ng/L不等,检出种类有磺胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素类及大环内酯类抗生素。抗生素在地下水系统中的迁移转化行为包括吸附、水解、光解、生物降解等过程,其基质复杂、含量低和产物难以定性等问题给检测提出了新的挑战。优化检测方法、开发新的预处理技术、开展全面的地下水污染调查、进行代谢产物定性分析、探索抗生素治理技术等,将是今后地下水中抗生素污染研究的主要方向。Abstract: Antibiotics as emerging organic pollutants, which do harm to humans and the environment, have aroused widespread attention. The pollution status of antibiotics in groundwater has become a research hotspot. Antibiotics in groundwater mainly derive from the antibiotic production industry, medical and health departments, animal husbandry and aquaculture. The trace-level antibiotics in groundwater increase bacterial resistance, damage human health by reducing immunity, causing abnormal or allergic reaction, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis and mutagenesis. There are various detection techniques for antibiotics in groundwater. For example, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay is usually applied to screen antibiotic contamination. However, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry is rarely used, due to complicated processes. Capillary Chromatography detection technology has the advantages of low sample consumption and low analysis cost, but the poor reproducibility is its weakness. Liquid Chromatography has been widely used, among which Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry is the most commonly used detection technique with high sensitivity, low detection limit and high efficiency. Many studies have reported occurrences of antibiotics in groundwater in many countries. The detected concentrations range from 1 to 104 ng/L, and the detected types are mainly sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and macrolides antibiotics. Antibiotics in groundwater systems undergo a series of migration and transformation behaviours, such as adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis and biodegradation. The main research direction for the future, including establishment of perfect detection methods and pretreatment technologies, comprehensive groundwater pollution investigation, analysis of antibiotics metabolites and its toxicity, treatment of antibiotics contamination are also discussed in this paper.
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Keywords:
- groundwaters /
- antibiotics /
- detection technology /
- migration and transformation
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华南花岗岩型铀矿在我国铀矿资源勘查和发展战略中占有重要的地位[1],桃山铀矿田就是华南花岗岩型铀矿的典型代表,它位于华南铀矿省桃山—诸广山铀矿成矿带的北端,产于赣南桃山复式花岗岩体内部。前人对桃山铀矿田及其岩浆活动的研究已有半个世纪的历史,对桃山复式岩体中各岩体的岩石学、年代学和同位素地球化学以及铀矿地质学等均有研究。宝华山岩体(也称蔡江岩体)和黄陂岩体是桃山复式岩体中面积最大的两个,前人测得宝华山岩体的形成时代为印支期[2-3],而近年来华南印支期花岗岩被认为是花岗岩型铀矿的最主要铀源体,比燕山期花岗岩更具有产铀的专属性[4],但目前宝华山岩体内仅发现个别铀矿床[2],其是否还 具有更大的产铀潜力仍值得研究。野外地质观察表明,不产铀的黄陂岩体被产铀的打鼓寨岩体侵入,但Zhao等[5]测得两者的锆石U-Pb年龄均为(154±2) Ma,这与其野外侵入先后关系不符。因此,对于宝华山岩体和黄陂岩体的确切形成时代和产铀性还有待于进一步研究。
为验证宝华山岩体和黄陂岩体的确切形成时代和产铀性,本文运用更高精度的激光剥蚀-多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-MC-ICPMS)重新测定了宝华山岩体和黄陂岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄,结合前人的研究结果,讨论了桃山复式花岗岩体的岩浆演化特点及其动力学背景,以及花岗岩成因类型与产铀性的关系。
1. 地质特征
桃山复式花岗岩体位于江西省宁都县境内,地处华南铀矿省桃山—诸广山铀矿成矿带的北端,出露面积达1000 km2。区域构造上处于NNE向鹰潭—安远深断裂与NE向大余—南城两个深大断裂带夹持区,以断层为边界还分布有晚白垩纪-第三纪砾岩、砂岩和页岩的断陷红盆。岩体整体侵入到一套震旦-寒武系的浅变质岩系里,主要是由印支期岩体和燕山期岩体组成[2, 5]。桃山复式岩体主要呈环带状展布(图 1),可以根据岩相的不同将复式岩体划分为几个单元[5]:最外围的西南部分是宝华山岩体,岩性为中粗粒斑状黑云母花岗岩,呈岩株状产出,产有个别铀矿床;往中部是桃山复式岩体的主体——黄陂岩体,呈岩基产出,岩性为中粗粒黑云母花岗岩;复式岩体的中心是主要的产铀岩体——打鼓寨岩体,侵入于黄陂岩体,岩性为中粒二云母花岗岩,绝大多数的铀矿床(6217铀矿)产自这个岩体;在打鼓寨岩体的西北侧是罗布里岩体(中粒二长花岗岩),侵入于打鼓寨岩体;还有分散在黄陂岩体中的晚燕山期的细粒黑云母花岗岩小岩体,如菜山岩体,这类岩体一般产出面积较小。
本文采集的样品是桃山复式岩体西南部的宝华山岩体和黄陂岩体,采样位置见图 1,野外照片见图 2。宝华山岩体的采样点风化较严重,黄陂岩体的采样点岩石较新鲜。
2. 岩体U-Pb定年分析
2.1 U-Pb定年分析方法
样品前期处理:所采岩石样品经破碎,清洗,然后用陶盘进行人工粗选,再用电磁仪和重液分离等方法精选, 最后在双目镜下挑纯,选得锆石在1000粒以上。将锆石置于环氧树脂中,然后研磨抛光至约一半,使锆石内部暴露。在光学显微镜下对所有锆石样品进行反射光和透射光观察,然后进行阴极发光和背散射电子图像分析照相(此部分工作在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所电子探针实验室完成),分析电压20 kV,电流10 nA。
锆石U-Pb定年测试:在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所LA-MC-ICPMS实验室完成,锆石定年分析所用仪器为Finnigan Neptune型MC-ICPMS及与之配套的Newwave UP 213激光剥蚀系统。LA-MC-ICPMS激光剥蚀采样采用单点剥蚀的方式,激光剥蚀所用斑束直径为25 μm,频率10 Hz,能量密度约25 J/cm2,以He为载气。数据处理采用ICPMSDataCal程序,锆石年龄谐和图用Isoplot 3.0程序获得。详细实验测试过程参见文献[6]。
2.2 U-Pb定年分析结果
宝华山和黄陂岩体的LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年结果列于表 1。
表 1 宝华山岩体(XGbhs1)和黄陂岩体(XGhp1)的LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb分析结果Table 1. LA-MC-ICPMS zircon U-Pb data for the Baohuashan granite (XGbhs1) and Huangpi granite (XGhp1)分析点号 w/(μg·g-1) Th/U 同位素比值 年龄/Ma 谐和度/% Pb Th U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U XGbhs1-1 12 93 393 0.24 0.0533 0.2689 0.0366 342.7 241.8 231.9 95 XGbhs1-2 14 100 748 0.13 0.0515 0.2558 0.0361 261.2 231.3 228.4 98 XGbhs1-3 18 201 478 0.42 0.0539 0.2693 0.0364 364.9 242.2 230.6 95 XGbhs1-4 14 214 353 0.61 0.0537 0.2701 0.0365 366.7 242.8 231.2 95 XGbhs1-5 35 233 1954 0.12 0.0509 0.2572 0.0367 235.3 232.4 232.4 99 XGbhs1-6 17 396 281 1.41 0.0525 0.2628 0.0363 309.3 236.9 230.0 97 XGbhs1-7 36 215 1895 0.11 0.0509 0.2523 0.0360 235.3 228.5 228.3 99 XGbhs1-8 39 417 1619 0.26 0.0507 0.2549 0.0365 227.8 230.5 230.9 99 XGbhs1-9 32 268 1512 0.18 0.0512 0.2541 0.0360 255.6 229.9 228.2 99 XGbhs1-10 36 190 1853 0.10 0.0516 0.2605 0.0366 333.4 235.0 231.9 98 XGbhs1-11 30 504 588 0.86 0.0533 0.2692 0.0366 342.7 242.1 232.0 95 XGbhs1-12 68 208 3204 0.06 0.0543 0.2733 0.0365 383.4 245.3 231.2 94 XGbhs1-13 17 220 463 0.48 0.0529 0.2663 0.0365 324.1 239.7 231.2 96 XGbhs1-14 15 201 429 0.47 0.0541 0.2685 0.0360 372.3 241.5 228.0 94 XGbhs1-15 12 115 440 0.26 0.0520 0.2633 0.0367 287.1 237.3 232.5 97 XGbhs1-16 14 156 401 0.39 0.0520 0.2589 0.0360 287.1 233.7 228.1 97 XGhp1-1 29 943 594 1.59 0.0508 0.1728 0.0247 231.6 161.8 157.2 97 XGhp1-2 70 2098 1609 1.30 0.0524 0.1811 0.0251 301.9 169.0 159.7 94 XGhp1-3 29 867 574 1.51 0.0566 0.1941 0.0248 476.0 180.1 158.2 87 XGhp1-4 48 605 2549 0.24 0.0692 0.2096 0.0220 905.6 193.2 140.2 68 XGhp1-5 18 339 845 0.40 0.0594 0.2124 0.0260 588.9 195.5 165.3 83 XGhp1-6 3 104 103 1.01 0.0520 0.1876 0.0261 287.1 174.6 166.4 95 XGhp1-7 16 382 427 0.89 0.0504 0.1779 0.0256 213.0 166.2 163.0 98 XGhp1-8 17 149 982 0.15 0.0515 0.2592 0.0365 261.2 234.0 231.3 98 XGhp1-9 10 326 247 1.32 0.0525 0.1777 0.0245 305.6 166.1 156.3 93 XGhp1-10 9 166 267 0.62 0.0536 0.1855 0.0251 353.8 172.8 159.7 92 XGhp1-11 9 229 252 0.91 0.0514 0.1794 0.0253 261.2 167.5 160.8 95 XGhp1-12 7 191 122 1.57 0.0548 0.1859 0.0246 466.7 173.1 156.5 89 XGhp1-13 24 133 128 1.04 0.0682 1.2212 0.1300 875.9 810.3 788.0 97 XGhp1-14 9 203 412 0.49 0.0514 0.1784 0.0252 257.5 166.7 160.2 96 XGhp1-15 84 2449 2151 1.14 0.0518 0.1840 0.0258 279.7 171.5 164.0 95 XGhp1-16 7 144 157 0.91 0.0702 0.2233 0.0231 1000.0 204.7 147.1 67 XGhp1-17 2 61 91 0.67 0.0512 0.1763 0.0249 253.8 164.8 158.7 96 XGhp1-18 97 216 189 1.15 0.1170 5.1658 0.3204 1910.2 1847.0 1791.5 96 XGhp1-19 44 963 2213 0.44 0.0515 0.1813 0.0255 264.9 169.2 162.6 96 XGhp1-20 5 16 189 0.08 0.0560 0.3215 0.0416 453.8 283.0 262.9 92 宝华山岩体的锆石阴极发光和背散射电子图像见图 3,锆石U-Pb谐和图和加权平均值见图 4。黄陂岩体的锆石阴极发光和背散射电子图像见图 5,锆石U-Pb谐和图和加权平均值见图 6。
2.2.1 宝华山岩体
宝华山岩体的锆石多为自形晶,呈短柱状,粒度在50~200 μm不等,长宽比为 1 : 1~2 : 1,锆石阴极发光和背散射图像(图 3)可见清晰的韵律环带结构,应为典型的岩浆结晶锆石。该样品共分析了16颗锆石。由表 1数据可知,U含量大多集中在281~1895 μg/g之间,个别分析点(XGbhs1-12)的U含量在3204 μg/g。Th含量在93~417 μg/g,锆石Th/U比值在0.10~1.41,206Pb/238U年龄在228.0~232.5 Ma之间,非常集中。锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(图 4)显示,16个分析点均分布在谐和线上及其附近,206Pb/238U的加权平均年龄为(229.98±0.98) Ma(MSWD=2.0),代表了宝华山岩体的侵位年龄。
2.2.2 黄陂岩体
黄陂岩体锆石的粒度在50~200 μm之间,长宽比也为1 : 1~2 : 1,从其阴极发光图像和背散射图像上(图 5)能看到较为明显的韵律环带,应为岩浆结晶锆石。该样品共分析了20颗锆石,由表 1 数据可知,样品锆石的U含量为91~2549 μg/g,变化范围较大;Th含量为16~2449 μg/g;锆石Th/U比值在0.08~1.59,多数锆石的Th/U比值大于0.4,指示其岩浆成因。其中16颗锆石的206Pb/238U年龄在140.2~166.4 Ma之间,其中3个分析点(XGhp1-4、XGhp1-5、XGhp1-16)的谐和度较低,可能是由于不同程度的Pb丢失所致,在计算加权平均年龄时舍弃;另外13颗锆石的206Pb/238U年龄均在156.3~166.4 Ma之间,都分布在谐和线上及其附近(图 6),加权平均值为(160.9±2.4) Ma(MSWD=1.7),代表了黄陂岩体的侵位年龄。另有4颗锆石(XGhp1-18、XGhp1-13、XGhp1-20、XGhp1-8)的206Pb/238U年龄分别为1791.5 Ma、788.0 Ma、262.9 Ma和231.3 Ma,阴极发光环带不清晰,所测部位是锆石的残留核或核边交界,可能为黄陂岩体岩浆侵位过程中捕获的继承锆石或混合锆石。
3. 桃山复式岩体的形成演化和产铀性
3.1 桃山复式岩体的岩浆演化序列
对于桃山复式岩体的岩石学、同位素年代学和地球化学,前人已经做了不少工作。结合前人和本文的研究结果,我们可以对桃山复式岩体中各花岗岩单元的演化序列作一总结(表 2):桃山岩体岩浆演化过程可分为五个期次:第一期次是印支期宝华山(蔡江)岩体,Min等[2]测得其K-Ar年龄为231 Ma,Zhao等[3]测得其锆石U-Pb年龄为(228±2)Ma,和本文结果(229.98±0.98) Ma相同,岩石地球化学分析指示其为A型花岗岩[3];第二期次为燕山早期黄陂岩体,岩石成因类型为I型花岗岩[5],本文测得其锆石U-Pb年龄为(161.9±2.4)Ma,而Zhao等[5]测得的黄陂岩体锆石U-Pb年龄为(154±2) Ma;第三期次为燕山早期的打鼓寨岩体,岩石成因类型为S型花岗岩[6-7],Zhao等[5]测得其锆石U-Pb年龄为(154±2) Ma,与他们测得的黄陂岩体锆石年龄相同,但Zhao等[5]又指出,野外观察到的地质现象是打鼓寨岩体侵入到黄陂岩体之中,因此,本文测得的黄陂岩体年龄略早于打鼓寨岩体年龄,更符合实际的地质情况;第四期次为燕山晚期的罗布里岩体,岩石成因类型为I型花岗岩,该岩体的全岩Rb-Sr同位素年龄和单个锆石U-Pb同位素年龄均为(146±7) Ma[6-7];第五期次是侵入于黄陂岩体中的燕山晚期的小岩体,Min等[2]测得其全岩Rb-Sr同位素年龄为96 Ma,岩石成因类型为I型花岗岩。
桃山复式岩体是一个多期多阶段多成因的复式岩体,这种主要由印支期和燕山期花岗岩复合的岩体同样存在于南岭其他地区,如粤北的贵东杂岩体[8]、湖南的沩山复式岩体[9]、赣南天堂寨岩体和龙源坝岩体[10-11]、闽西南的古田—小陶花岗质杂岩体[12]。这种复合可能是南岭花岗岩的一个重要现象,但是像桃山岩体这样不同单元包含了不同岩石成因类型(S型、I型和A型)的复式岩体可能还较少。
3.2 桃山复式岩体形成的构造环境
近年来,华南有越来越多的印支期花岗岩被发现,表明华南印支期岩浆活动的影响范围远超过了前人的预期。据统计,华南印支期花岗岩90%以上为过铝质I型或S型花岗岩[13]。一些研究认为,华南印支期(年龄大致在250~205 Ma之间)花岗质岩浆活动存在明显的两个阶段,早期形成于同碰撞挤压环境,晚期形成于后碰撞伸展环境,分界年龄在225~230 Ma之间[14-16]。
宝华山岩体的岩石地球化学研究指示其为A型花岗岩[3],A型花岗岩和碱性岩浆岩形成于伸展拉张的构造背景这一结论已得到大多数学者的认可。近年来华南也有越来越多的印支期A型花岗岩被发现,而且其形成年龄在215~ 237 Ma之间[3, 17-19],跨越了印支早期和印支晚期两个阶段,加上武夷山地区两个印支早期(分别为242 Ma和254 Ma)碱性正长岩的发现[20-21],表明华南局部地区从印支早期开始就已经进入伸展拉张的构造环境。这些A型花岗岩和碱性正长岩构成了一条近垂直于古太平洋板块俯冲方向的岩浆岩带,它们与其他华南印支期S型和I型花岗岩主要受印支地块与华南陆块的后碰撞过程所控制不同,更可能是古太平洋板块俯冲影响下的产物[3, 18, 21]。
燕山期是华南地区岩浆活动和成矿作用最为强烈的时期。毛景文等[22]指出,华南地区燕山早期(150~170 Ma)和燕山晚期(90~100 Ma)各有一次成岩成矿的高峰期,两期大规模成岩成矿作用均与华南和华北地块后碰撞及太平洋板块俯冲引起弧后多阶段岩石圈伸展有关。桃山复式岩体中除印支期宝华山岩体外,其他单元的成岩年龄正好处于这两个成岩成矿的高峰期中,其形成的构造环境应该也是与太平洋板块俯冲有关的伸展拉张环境。
3.3 桃山复式岩体的产铀性
统计研究表明,南岭地区产铀花岗岩的成因类型以过铝质的S型花岗岩为主,其内产出的铀矿床数约占华南花岗岩型铀矿矿床总数的93%;其次是A型花岗岩,其内产出的矿床约占总数的7%;I型花岗岩中仅有极少量的铀矿点或矿化点[23-24]。桃山复式岩体中的铀矿(6217铀矿床)主要产于燕山早期的S型打鼓寨岩体中,印支期的A型宝华山岩体中只有个别铀矿床产出,而I型的黄陂岩体、罗布里岩体及菜山岩体中则未发现铀矿产出,这与整个南岭地区产铀岩体的成因类型特点一致。
大量研究表明,花岗岩型铀矿的成矿物质主要来源于花岗岩本身[23, 25],因此花岗岩富铀,且能够提供铀是铀成矿的重要条件,而这一条件与花岗岩的成因类型密切相关。S型花岗岩来源于基底变质沉积岩的部分熔融,不但富含铀,而且容易提供铀,A型花岗岩次之,I型花岗岩最差,由此造成不同成因类型花岗岩产铀能力的明显差异,使得岩石成因类型成为控制花岗岩产铀/不产铀的重要因素[5, 23, 26-28]。虽然近年来的研究表明,华南印支期花岗岩可能比燕山期花岗岩与铀矿的关系更为密切,是华南花岗岩型及部分火山岩型铀矿床的主要铀源岩[4],但印支期宝华山岩体的成因类型为A型,其含铀性和提供铀的能力远远不如S型花岗岩,所以不具有产出大矿富矿的潜力。因此,今后对花岗岩产铀/不产铀的判别或花岗岩型铀矿的找矿勘查,首先可以从花岗岩的成因类型判别入手,但对于花岗岩成因类型控制产铀性的深层原因,还需要进一步研究。
4. 结语
本文利用LA-MC-ICPMS技术测得桃山复式岩体中的宝华山(蔡江)岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为(229.98±0.98) Ma,证实其形成时代为印支期;测得黄陂岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为(160.9±2.4) Ma,略早于侵入其中的打鼓寨岩体,更符合地质事实。结合前人的研究,确定桃山复式岩体是一个主要由印支期和燕山期花岗岩复合而成的多期多阶段多成因类型(包括S型、I型和A型)的复式岩体,印支期和燕山期花岗岩形成的构造环境可能均与太平洋板块俯冲造成的伸展拉伸环境有关。桃山铀矿田主要产出在S型的燕山期打鼓寨岩体之中,其他燕山期的I型花岗岩不产铀,而宝华山岩体(A型花岗岩)虽然形成于与华南花岗岩型铀矿更有成岩时代专属性的印支期,但其中只产出个别铀矿床,这种现象可能与不同成因类型花岗岩的含铀性和提供铀源的能力差异有关。因此,岩石成因类型是控制花岗岩产铀/不产铀的重要因素,也可以作为找矿的重要参考因素。
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表 1 抗生素分类
Table 1 Type of antibiotics
抗生素种类 代表性的抗生素 结构特点 抗菌机理 青霉素类
(Penicillins)青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、羟氨苄青霉素(阿莫西林、阿莫仙)、苯唑青霉素等 天然青霉素是从青霉菌培养液中提取获得,半合成青霉素是在中间体6-氨基青霉烷酸(6-APA)侧链上加入不同基团 最早用于临床的抗生素,疗效高,毒性低。主要作用是使易感细菌的细胞壁发育失常,致其死亡 头孢菌素类
(Cephalosporins)头孢氨苄(先锋霉素Ⅳ)、头孢唑啉(先锋霉素Ⅴ)、头孢拉定(先锋霉素Ⅵ)、头孢呋辛(西力欣)、头孢曲松(罗氏芬)、头孢噻肟(凯福隆)、头孢哌酮(先锋必)等 含有头孢烯的半合成抗生素,7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)的衍生物 该类抗生素可破坏细菌的细胞壁,并在繁殖期杀菌 氨基糖苷类
(Aminoglycosides)链霉素、庆大霉素、霉卡那素、丁胺卡那霉素等 氨基糖与氨基环醇通过氧桥连接而成的苷类抗生素 在有氧情况下,对敏感细菌起杀灭作用,其治疗指数(治疗剂量/中毒剂量)较其他抗生素为低 大环内酯类
(Macrolides)红霉素,阿奇霉素(泰力特、希舒美),克拉霉素,罗它霉素,麦迪霉素,螺旋霉素,交沙霉素等 本类抗生素均含有一个12~16碳的大内酯环,为抑菌剂,仅适用于轻中度感染,但是为目前最安全的抗生素之一 为抑菌剂,仅适用于轻中度感染,但是为目前最安全的抗生素之一 四环素类
(Tetracyclines)四环素、土霉素、金霉素、强力霉素等 其结构均含并四苯基本骨架 广泛用于多种细菌及立克次氏体、衣原体、支原体等所致之感染 氯霉素类
(Chloramphenicols)氯霉素、琥珀氯霉素等 含有对硝基苯基、丙二醇与二氯乙酰胺三个部分 该类抗生素脂溶性高,易进入脑脊液和脑组织,并对很多病原体有效,但可诱发再生障碍性贫血,其应用受到一定限制 林可酰胺类
(Lincosamides)林可霉素、克林霉素等 含有氨基酸和糖苷部分,并通过肽键相连 易与核糖体上的50S核糖体结合,阻碍原核翻译的进行,从而使细菌死亡 磺胺类
(Sulfonamides)磺胺噻唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺氯哒嗪等 临床常用的磺胺类药物都是以对位氨基苯磺酰胺为基本结构的衍生物,磺酰胺基上的氢可被不同杂环取代,形成不同种类的磺胺药 该类抗生素通过竞争性抑制叶酸代谢循环中的对氨基苯甲酸而抑制细菌性增殖 喹诺酮类
(Quinolones)萘啶酸、环丙沙星、司帕沙星、西他沙星等 目前已有四代喹诺酮类抗生素,结构中均含有羧酸基团,第三代药物分子中均有氟原子,第四代药物在第三代基础上引入8-甲氧基 该类抗生素以细菌的脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)为靶,抑制DNA回旋酶,进一步造成细菌DNA的不可逆损害,达到抗菌效果 表 2 不同国家地下水中检出的抗生素种类及其浓度
Table 2 Occurrence of antibiotics and their concentration in groundwater of different countries
国家 检出成分 类别 检测的最高浓度
ρ/(ng·L-1)采样地 参考
文献美
国磺胺甲基异恶唑 磺胺类 1110 美国大范围 [36] 甲氧苄氨嘧啶 磺胺增效剂 18 加利福尼亚州
饮用水水源地下水[37] 磺胺甲基嘧啶 磺胺类 54 畜牧养殖场
附近地下水[38] 磺胺二甲基嘧啶 磺胺类 616 磺胺二甲恶唑 磺胺类 40 磺胺噻唑 磺胺类 305 红霉素 大环内酯类 2380 林可霉素 大环内酯类 416 莫能菌素 大环内酯类 350 泰妙菌素 大环内酯类 29 中
国四环素 四环素类 5.2 天津市蔬菜种植地
地下水[39] 磺胺甲基异恶唑 磺胺类 9.5 磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶 磺胺类 78.3 氯霉素 酰胺醇类 28.1 环丙沙星 喹诺酮类 42.5 林可霉素 大环内酯类 8.3 磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶 磺胺类 128 广西省养猪场
地下水[40] 磺胺嘧啶 磺胺类 1.47 磺胺间甲氧嘧啶 磺胺类 19 甲氧苄氨嘧啶 磺胺增效剂 1.16 瑞
典环丙沙星 喹诺酮类 14000 制药厂附件村庄井
地下水[15] 依诺沙星 喹诺酮类 1900 恩诺沙星 喹诺酮类 67 洛美沙星 喹诺酮类 35 诺氟沙星 喹诺酮类 31 氧氟沙星 喹诺酮类 160 甲氧苄氨嘧啶 磺胺增效剂 55 德
国脱水红霉素 大环内酯类 49 巴符洲
地下水[26] 磺胺甲恶唑 磺胺类 410 法
国磺胺甲恶唑 磺胺类 3.0 罗纳-阿尔卑斯
区域地下水[41] 甲氧苄氨嘧啶 磺胺增效剂 1.4 罗红霉素 大环内酯类 1.3 西
班
牙四环素 四环素类 141 西班牙东北部
巴塞罗那[42] 土霉素 四环素类 41.0 多西霉素 四环素类 188 金霉素 四环素类 34.2 脱水红霉素 大环内酯类 1.68 阿奇霉素 大环内酯类 1620 罗红霉素 大环内酯类 3.23 克拉霉素 大环内酯类 5.11 交沙霉素 大环内酯类 3.8 螺旋霉素 大环内酯类 2980 替米考星 大环内酯类 820 磺胺甲恶唑 磺胺类 16.6 磺胺嘧啶 磺胺类 37.1 磺胺二甲基嘧啶 磺胺类 29.1 氧氟沙星 喹诺酮类 367 环丙沙星 喹诺酮类 443 诺氟沙星 喹诺酮类 462 单诺沙星 喹诺酮类 543 依诺沙星 喹诺酮类 323 恩诺沙星 喹诺酮类 264 氟甲喹 喹诺酮类 4.3 甲氧苄氨嘧啶 磺胺增效剂 9.4 -
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