Content and Occurrence State of Niobium and Rare Earth Elements in Hornblendite of Dagele, East Kunlun by the Electron Probe Technique
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摘要:
电子探针显微分析仪非常适合寻找铌、稀土等关键金属元素的赋存矿物以及分析其在矿物中的赋存形式。东昆仑大格勒地区首次发现了以铌为主的稀有和稀土矿化碳酸岩——碱性岩杂岩体，现有的工作仅局限于地表岩石组合及矿产特征调查。角闪石岩作为杂岩体的主体岩性，有不同程度的铌、稀土矿化显示，但是角闪石岩中铌、稀土元素赋存状态尚不明确。本文在光学显微镜岩相学研究的基础上，利用电子探针技术，对角闪石岩进行分析，主要对铌矿物和稀土矿物的类型、嵌布关系及化学成分等进行研究。应用偏光显微镜分析结果表明角闪石岩主要由角闪石、辉石、金云母/黑云母、磷灰石等矿物组成，并含有少量易解石。电子探针研究表明：①角闪石岩中铌元素主要赋存于铌易解石和含铌钛铁矿中，稀土元素主要赋存于褐帘石和铌易解石中，且均是富集轻稀土元素；②铌易解石中Nb2O5含量达42.98%～51.96%，La2O3平均含量为4.63%，Ce2O3平均含量为12.16%，矿物颗粒直径15～90μm不等，包含于角闪石晶体或角闪石与金云母晶间，局部与角闪石相互交生，与褐帘石、磷灰石连生；③含铌钛铁矿中Nb2O5平均含量为2.01%；④褐帘石中Ce2O3平均含量为10.73%，La2O3平均含量为9.89%，矿物颗粒直径10～40μm不等，主要分布于磷灰石边缘港湾、裂隙中，与磷灰石连生，并有相互交生的特点；⑤铌易解石、褐帘石等矿石矿物均赋存于含磷灰石金云母角闪石岩中。上述研究结合全岩化学分析，本文认为岩石中的铌矿物和稀土矿物主要由后期热液交代作用形成，空间上越靠近全岩矿化碳酸岩、橄榄岩的角闪石岩受后期热液交代作用更强，含矿性更好。
Abstract:BACKGROUNDThe demand for rare metals and rare earth elements has been steadily rising as they play an important role in the high-tech industry. In response, there is an urgent need to study the exploration, development, and utilization of them. The formation of deposits containing rare metals and rare earth elements is intricately linked with igneous rocks, and it has been found that numerous large-scale rare metal and rare earth mines, both domestically and internationally, are associated with alkaline rock complex and carbonatite. In Dagele, East Kunlun, a groundbreaking discovery of the first occurrence of rare and rare-earth mineralized carbonatite-alkaline rock complex predominantly containing niobium was made. This finding represents a significant advancement in the understanding of mineralization in East Kunlun. Currently, the existing research has been primarily focused on surface rock assemblages and mineral characterization investigations. Hornblendite, being the predominant lithology in this complex, exhibits varying degrees of niobium and rare earth mineralization. However, the occurrence state of niobium and rare earth elements in hornblendite remains unclear. Studying the occurrence characteristics of niobium and rare earth elements is crucial for identifying the types of minerals present in the ores, summarizing distribution in their patterns, and exploring the enrichment mechanisms. Comprehensive knowledge of the mineralization laws within the alkaline complex and breakthroughs in mineral exploration should subsequently follow. Due to the small particles and complex dissemination characteristics of niobium minerals and rare earth minerals, precise identification and mineralogical and occurrence analysis under polarized light microscope pose significant challenges[18-19]. Fortunately, electron probe microanalyzers are well-suited for identifying minerals containing key metallic elements like niobium and rare earth minerals. They also enable analysis of the mineral forms in which these elements are present. Recent reports have highlighted their successful applications in related studies.
OBJECTIVESIn order to find out the existing forms of niobium and rare earth elements in hornblende rocks and the host minerals of niobium and rare earth elements.
METHODSIn this study, the hornblendite was analyzed by electron probe on the basis of petrographic observations under a microscope. The primary focus is on investigating the characteristics of niobium minerals and rare earth minerals, such as their species, dissemination relationships, and chemical composition. Additionally, the aim is to accurately analyze the occurrence state of niobium and rare earth elements. The polished thin section of the electron probe was polished and prepared at the Shougang Geological Exploration Laboratory, and subsequently examined and identified using a polarized light microscope (Leica DM4500p) at the Rock and Mineral Identification Center of the Qinghai Geological and Mineral Research Institute. A JEOL JXA-iHP200F electron probe was adopted, and its analysis and test were conducted at the Electron Probe Laboratory of the Institute of Mineral Resources, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. To facilitate the analysis, a conductive carbon film was sprayed onto the surface of the electron probe sheet in a high vacuum environment. Subsequently, JED-2300 X-ray energy spectrum analysis and quantitative electron probe spectrum analysis were performed using an electron probe analyzer. For the quantitative analysis of oxides, the acceleration voltage was 15kV, acceleration current 20nA, and beam spot diameter 3μm. For the quantitative analysis of rare metals and rare earth minerals, the acceleration voltage was 15kV, acceleration current 20nA, and beam spot diameter less than 3μm. During the analysis, the elemental peak measurements were conducted for a duration of 10s, followed by 5s of pre-background measurement and 5s of post-background measurement time. To ensure accurate results, all the collected data were processed using the ZAF matrix correction method. The detection limits for different elements range from 50×10−6 to 300×10−6.
RESULTS(1) The analysis results with the polarized light microscope suggest that hornblendite primarily consists of hornblende, pyroxene, phlogopite/biotite, apatite, and other minerals, with a minor presence of aeschynite. The electron probe study indicates that ① In hornblendite, niobium elements are primarily present in niobium aeschynite and niobium-bearing ilmenite, while rare earth elements are predominantly found in allanite and niobium aeschynite. Notably, these elements exhibit significant enrichment in light rare earth elements; ② Niobium aeschynite typically contains an average of 42.98% to 51.96% Nb2O5, 4.63% La2O3, and 12.16% Ce2O3. The mineral grains range in diameter from 15 to 90μm and are located within hornblende crystals or between hornblende and phlogopite crystals. In certain areas, they exhibit intergrowth with hornblende and are closely associated with allanite and apatite; ③ The average content of Nb2O5 in niobium-bearing ilmenite is 2.01%; ④ allanite inclusions exhibit an average Ce2O3 content of 10.73% and an average La2O3 content of 9.89%. These mineral particles have diameters ranging from 10 to 40μm and are primarily found in apatite marginal pores and fissures. They demonstrate a close association with apatite, displaying characteristic mutual intergrowth. (2) The analysis of chemical samples of rocks shows that the highest grade of Nb2O5 reaches 0.1% in hornblendite in the middle of complex (close to carbonatite and peridotite), and about 0.02% in hornblende at the edge of the complex. The analyzed sample (21DGb11) of apatite-bearing phlogopite hornblendite is situated in the central region of the complex. This specific sample exhibits a closer spatial relationship with the overall mineralization of carbonatite, peridotite, and pyroxene within the area. Notably, valuable ore minerals such as niobium aeschynite, allanite, and niobium-bearing ilmenite have been identified within this sample. (3) The presence of niobium minerals and rare earth minerals in hornblendite in Dagele is likely attributed to late-stage hydrothermal processes. Furthermore, the hornblendite that is in closer proximity to the whole-rock mineralized carbonatite and peridotite exhibits a higher degree of influence from late-stage hydrothermal processes, resulting in more significant mineralization.
CONCLUSIONSThe formation of niobium minerals and rare earth minerals in rocks is primarily attributed to late-stage hydrothermal processes. Moreover, the hornblendite that is in closer proximity to the whole-rock mineralized carbonatite and peridotite exhibits a higher susceptibility to late-stage hydrothermal processes, resulting in enhanced mineralization. In the East Kunlun orogenic belt, rare and rare-earth mineralized alkaline complex predominantly enriched with niobium elements has been discovered for the first time. These findings highlight the exceptional concentration of niobium in this region. The Late Silurian—Devonian period is believed to be a highly significant timeframe for rare metal mineralization, particularly dominated by niobium elements, in the East Kunlun region.
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Keywords:
- East Kunlun /
- hornblendite /
- niobium aeschynite /
- allanite /
- EPMA
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数据可视化[1]是关于数据视觉表现形式的科学技术研究，研究如何真实、准确地将相对晦涩的数据通过可视的方式进行展示，从而形象、直观地表达数据蕴含的信息和规律。文献作为重要的信息载体，积累了大量有研究价值的信息，文献资料的可视化研究对知识的传播具有重要意义。
课题组对中国主要科技文献数据库中收录的文献可视化应用研究成果进行搜集整理发现，当前文献资料的可视化分析应用多与文献计量分析方法[2]相结合，运用数学和统计学方法，对文献资料进行定量分析，再采用可视化工具[3]，以聚类图谱、时间线图谱、统计图表等多种方式，将文献之间的关系以科学知识图谱[4]的方式可视化地展现[5-6]，这一技术方法的应用在挖掘文献数据蕴含的信息和规律上发挥了重要作用，但是在其空间属性挖掘展现上稍显不足，需要采用新的技术方法在这一领域开展深入研究。
GIS技术[7]是对空间数据进行相关处理分析的技术，具有采集、管理、分析、输出展示空间信息的能力，得到广泛的应用。GIS以其强大的空间信息管理与分析能力，在基础地质、矿产地质、环境地质、灾害地质等领域中发挥着重要作用。尤其是近年来“地质云”的建设，更是将GIS技术深入地融合应用到地质数据的汇聚和共享利用中。研究基于GIS技术的文献资料可视化分析方法，可以进一步拓展对文献资料的空间信息挖掘[8]和可视化应用。GIS技术如何在文献资料可视化应用中发挥作用，需要挖掘出文献资料的空间特征，确定GIS技术和文献数据之间的结合点。地质科学研究相关的文献资料记录了该领域的很多有价值成果，此类文献具备非常明显的时空特征，非常适合利用GIS技术进行可视化研究。
本研究搜集整理了2015—2020年以来公开发表的140多篇Re-Os同位素定年[9]文献资料，探索了如何运用GIS技术，挖掘此类文献的空间特征信息并进行可视化应用，开发了Re-Os同位素数据可视化服务系统，实现了对近年来发表的Re-Os同位素定年文献数据成果的空间可视化应用展现。
1. 文献数据空间可视化研究方法
文献数据的可视化研究主要有两个方面的研究内容。第一，在数据资源层面研究文献资料的共性内容特征和空间特征，其目标是汇聚一定体量的、具备空间特征信息的可结构化的文献数据，为可视化研究奠定数据基础。第二，开展可视化技术研究，从数据资源层面和GIS可视化技术两个维度进行融合探索，找到两者之间在可视化应用中的结合点，将GIS的空间可视化能力充分服务于目标信息的可视化应用需求。设计的文献资料空间可视化总体架构见图 1。
总体架构设计为包含支撑层、数据层、服务层、应用层、用户层在内的五层架构体系。其中，支撑层包含GIS数据处理分析软件、数据库软件、GIS开发组件、空间数据服务器、Web应用中间件等；数据层主要是对文献资料进行特征信息提取、规范化、空间化处理后建设的文献数据库；服务层包含空间可视化应用需要调用的空间底图数据服务和文献数据服务；应用层是面向用户提供可视化功能的文献资料可视化共享服务平台；用户层主要分为行业用户和社会公众这两大类。该架构的特点是以服务层为媒介，可以实现数据层和应用层之间的松耦合关系，保证数据库的稳定性，同时增强应用层的可灵活扩展性。
2. 文献信息挖掘
以CNKI文献资料库为数据源，以“Re”、“Os”作为关键词进行主题检索，对检索出的2015—2020年公开发表的140多篇Re-Os同位素定年文献进行收集整理并建立数据库，挖掘文献的共性特征信息和空间特征信息这两部分的内容[10-11]。通过对文献内容的分析，提出文献信息、矿产地信息、测试信息是此类文献的共性特征信息组成部分，这一发现为后续的结构化处理提供了可行性，数据内容特征信息的提取也主要以这三类信息为主，提取内容见图 2。
对此类文献的空间特征信息进行分析发现，全部140多篇文献都可以通过研究区矿产地的经纬度来进行空间定位，基于文献本身对空间位置的记载详细程度和方式，具体的定位方法包括以下三种：①直接以文献记载的经纬度进行定位；②通过文献记载的地质简图进行定位；③通过搜集研究区矿产地位置信息进行定位。
文献数据库可采用地理数据库模型Geodatabase完成数据存储，采用UML(Unified Modeling Language)建模语言[12]完成数据模型设计工作。数据库模型设计以论文、矿产地、样品为实体，结合文献资料记载的内容特征信息，每类实体延伸各自的属性内容，并在此基础上研究各类实体之间的联系，形成数据库E-R图[13]，见图 3。数据库建设方法详见文献[14]。
3. 文献数据可视化技术实现
按照前述设计的文献数据可视化五层架构体系，以Re-Os同位素定年文献数据作为数据基础，选取空间数据服务器完成文献数据服务的制作和发布，运用GIS技术开发配套的空间可视化共享服务平台，实现对文献资料的空间可视化展现。
文献数据空间可视化的核心需求是将已实现空间定位的文献数据以地图的形式进行可视化展现。为了达到更优的可视化效果和交互体验，研究重点聚焦空间数据服务展示、图例展示、空间查询等功能实现，平台实现的核心功能见表 1。
表 1 文献数据空间可视化共享服务平台核心功能Table 1. Basic function of literature data visualized share and service system.平台核心功能点 功能描述 文献数据展示 文献数据空间可视化展示 地理底图服务展示 地理底图服务空间可视化展示 图例展示 当前加载空间数据服务所对应图例的可视化展示 空间查询 对当前加载空间数据服务的点查询、多边形查询、矩形查询 3.1 技术架构
技术选型方面，采用GIS数据处理分析软件ArcGIS Desktop完成数据加工处理，采用地理数据模型Geodatabase完成空间数据存储，采用空间数据服务器ArcGIS Server完成空间数据服务的发布，发布的地图服务遵循OGC空间数据服务标准[15]，GIS开发组件采用ArcGIS API for JS开发组件，前端开发采用HTML+JavaScript+CSS技术。系统技术路线见图 4。
3.2 数据可视化
数据可视化是系统的核心功能，包含文献数据可视化、地理底图可视化、图例可视化等方面内容。
(1) 文献数据可视化
文献数据可视化采用的技术路线为: 首先将数据库中的空间数据进行渲染[16-17]并保存为MXD工程文件，然后采用ArcGIS Server[18-19]服务器将工程文件发布为MapService地图服务，最后在应用端采用JavaScript语言编程实现展示页面对地图服务的加载。通过ArcGIS API for JS开发组件提供的esri/layers/MapImageLayer接口实现对地图服务的定义和调取；通过esri/Map接口的add方法来实现对定义好的地图服务的页面加载。
(2) 地理底图可视化
系统提供对符合OGC空间数据服务标准的不同的地理底图服务的加载展示。通过esri/layers/TileLayer接口实现对地图服务的定义；通过esri/Basemap的baseLayers属性定义底图图层；通过esri/Map接口的basemap属性的定义实现对地理底图服务的页面加载。
(3) 图例可视化
系统提供对当前展示地图服务相应图例的加载和展示。通过esri/widgets/Legend接口实现对图例的定义，通过esri/views/MapView接口实现对图例的页面加载。
3.3 空间查询
系统提供对空间数据的点查询、多边形查询、矩形查询等功能。这三种方式的空间查询功能[20]主要通过对三个核心接口的调用和关键属性赋值来实现。各类查询方式实现的功能和调用的核心接口见表 2。
表 2 查询功能及核心接口说明Table 2. Specification of search function and basic API.查询功能 功能说明 核心接口 核心接口使用说明 点查询 在地图上选择要查询的点要素，以表格的形式展示当前所选要素的属性信息 esri/layers/MapImageLayer 对该接口的popupTemplate属性的定义来完成对点查询结果弹窗的内容赋值 多边形查询 在地图上绘制多边形查询范围，以表格的形式展示查询范围内所有要素的属性信息 esri/widgets/Sketch 通过该接口的layer属性定义图形绘制图层；通过view属性定义绘制的地图窗口。通过该接口的create方法激活绘图工具，绘制多边形。 esri/tasks/support/Query 通过该接口的outFields属性来获取图层的字段信息 矩形查询 在地图上绘制矩形查询范围，以表格的形式展示查询范围内所有要素的属性信息 esri/widgets/Sketch 通过该接口的layer属性定义图形绘制图层；通过view属性定义绘制的地图窗口。通过该接口的create方法激活绘图工具，绘制矩形。 esri/tasks/support/Query 通过该接口的outFields属性获取图层的字段信息 4. 文献可视化分析
按照上述可视化方法，对140多篇Re-Os同位素定年文献进行了数据挖掘和可视化分析，研究区覆盖中国东中西部地区的140多个矿产地，主要矿种包括铜、钼、钨、金等共19种，实现了对Re-Os同位素定年文献的空间可视化展现，以及对属性信息的点、矩形、多边形综合查询。
4.1 论文发表信息
系统展示了Re-Os同位素定年文献发表时间、发表刊物的分布情况，可视化结果详见图 5。通过可视化的数据分析，Re-Os同位素定年研究数量在2015—2016年尤为突出，相关论文主要发表于38种刊物。
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图 5 (a) 论文发表数量按发表时间统计(2015—2020)；(b)论文发表数量按发表刊物统计(2015—2020)Figure 5. (a) Numbers of published papers counted according to the time of publication (2015—2020); (b) Numbers of published papers counted according to the published journals (2015—2020).4.2 矿产地信息
矿产地信息主要展示了Re-Os同位素定年文献记载的研究区矿产地分布情况，可视化结果详见图 6。可以看出，在搜集的文献范围内，近年来开展的Re-Os同位素定年研究在地理上中国东中西部地区都有分布，尤其在东南区域分布较集中。研究区主要矿种共19种，以铜[21-24](29.0%)、钼[25-27](28.3%)、钨[28-30](12.4%)、金[31-33](11.0%)为主。
4.3 分析测试信息
分析测试信息主要展示了Re-Os同位素定年文献记载的检测单位、检测设备、检测对象、检测年龄等信息的分布情况，可视化结果详见图 7、图 8。
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图 7 (a) 样品检测数量按检测单位统计(2015—2020)；(b)样品检测数量按检测设备统计(2015—2020)；(c)样品检测数量按检测对象统计(2015—2020)Figure 7. (a) Numbers of tested samples according to the laboratories (2015—2020); (b) Numbers of tested samples according to the analytical instruments (2015—2020); (c) Numbers of tested samples according to the detected objects (2015—2020).在搜集的文献范围内，Re-Os同位素定年样品测试工作主要在11家单位进行，较为集中在国家地质实验测试中心，测试样品地理分布上遍布东中西矿产地，占比达79.9%。Re-Os同位素定年测试仪器多采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)[34]，占比达86.0%，少量采用热电离质谱仪(TIMS)[35-36]。质谱仪型号多为TJA X-series ICP-MS，占比70.8%。检测对象共计12种，包括辉钼矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、灰岩、油砂岩、碳质泥岩、石墨、钼矿、黑色页岩、固体沥青、毒砂。其中，以辉钼矿作为检测对象的研究在数量上明显突出，占比达80.7%，表明辉钼矿仍是Re-Os同位素定年法的首选研究对象，这与辉钼矿的高Re/Os值特性密不可分。
考虑到分布的均衡性，检测年龄划分为五个区间：0~100Ma、100~200Ma、200~300Ma、300~600Ma、600~1522Ma。其中，落在0~200Ma较新年龄区间的矿产地多分布在中国东北和东南区域，该年龄区间矿产地占比达62.1%，表明东部地区的Re-Os同位素年龄集中分布在中生代，这与中国东部地区存在中生代大规模成矿事件[37]是相一致的；落在200Ma以上较老年龄区间的矿产地多分布在中国中部和西部区域，该年龄区间矿产地占比达37.9%，表明中西部地区的Re-Os同位素年龄集中分布在中生代以前，且具有多期次成矿的特点。
5. 结论
本研究探索了基于GIS技术对文献资料进行可视化的技术方法，形成了对文献数据进行信息挖掘和空间可视化的策略和技术路线。并以Re-Os同位素定年文献数据为例，对该技术方法进行了应用验证，建设了具有GIS空间特征的铼锇同位素定年数据库和空间可视化共享服务平台。研究表明GIS技术在文献资料的可视化应用中可发挥特殊作用，该可视化方法具备可视化对象的空间性、可视化过程的交互性、可视化方式的融合性、可视化展示的直观性等特点。
本研究提出的技术方法，可挖掘出文献资料的空间特性，拓展文献资料在空间可视化领域的应用性，解决文献资料如何进行共性信息分析提取、空间特征信息定位、空间可视化技术实现等问题。在后续研究中，建议从数据资源和可视化方法方面进行深入研究，在数据资源层面，从广度和深度丰富数据内容，挖掘数据价值；在可视化方法方面，研究多种可视化技术的综合运用，增强文献资料信息的可利用价值。
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图 1 东昆仑造山带地质简图（据王秉璋等［33］修改）
大格勒碱性杂岩体位于东昆仑东段北坡，大地构造位置属于东昆仑造山带北昆仑岩浆弧。
Figure 1. Geological sketch of East Kunlun orogenic belt （Modified from Wang，et al.［33］）. The dagele alkaline complex is located on the northern slope of the eastern section of the East Kunlun Mountain, and its tectonic position belongs to the North Kunlun magmatic arc of the East Kunlun orogenic belt.
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图 2 东昆仑大格勒地区（a）地质简图和（b）碱性杂岩体各岩性接触关系平面图
碱性杂岩体呈不规则状分布在研究区中部，主要由橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩、角闪石岩和碳酸岩组成；角闪石岩构成了杂岩体的主体，角闪石岩样品采自杂岩体中心部位和边部。
Figure 2. (a) Geological sketch and (b) Plan of lithological contact relationship of alkaline complex in Dagele area, East Kunlun. The alkaline complex is irregularly distributed in the middle of the study area, mainly composed of peridotite, pyroxenite, gabbro, hornblendite and carbonatite; hornblendite constitutes the main body of the complex, and hornblendite samples are collected from the center and edge of the complex.
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图 3 东昆仑大格勒地区角闪石岩镜下特征
Cpx—辉石；Hb—角闪石；Phl—金云母；Bit—黑云母；Ap—磷灰石；Aet—铌易解石；Alt—褐帘石；Il—钛铁矿。大格勒地区角闪石岩主要由角闪石、辉石、金云母、黑云母、磷灰石等矿物组成。
Figure 3. Microscopic characteristics of hornblendite in Dagele area, East Kunlun. Hornblendite in Dagele area is mainly composed of hornblende, pyroxene, phlogopite, biotite, apatite and other minerals. Cpx—pyroxene; Hb—hornblende; Phl—phlogopite; Bit—biotite; Ap—apatite; Aet—niobium aeschynite; Alt—allanite; Il—ilmenite.
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图 4 大格勒地区角闪石岩中铌矿物和稀土矿物赋存形式背散射图像及X射线能谱分析图
a，b—铌易解石；c—含铌钛铁矿；d—褐帘石。
Figure 4. Backscattering images and X-ray energy spectra of niobium minerals and rare earth minerals of hornblendite in Dagele area, East Kunlun. a, b—niobium aeschynite; c—ilmenite; d—allanite.
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图 5 大格勒地区角闪石岩中铌矿物和稀土矿物与脉石矿物的嵌布关系
Cpx—辉石；Hb—角闪石；Phl—金云母；Bit—黑云母；Ap—磷灰石；Aet—铌易解石；Alt—褐帘石；Il—钛铁矿。
Figure 5. Dissemination characteristics of niobium, rare earth minerals and other minerals of hornblendite in Dagele area, East Kunlun. Cpx—pyroxene; Hb—hornblende; Phl—phlogopite; Bit—biotite; Ap—apatite; Aet—niobium aeschynite; Alt—allanite; Il—ilmenite.
表 1 大格勒地区角闪石岩中铌易解石和含铌钛铁矿电子探针波谱定量分析结果
Table 1 EPMA analyzed data of niobium aeschynite and niobium-bearing ilmenite in hornblendite from Dagele area.
元素 铌易解石（%） 含铌钛铁矿（%） 测点11-1 测点11-2 测点11-3 测点11-4 测点11-5 测点11-6 测点11-7 测点11-8 测点11-9 测点11-10 测点11-11 测点11-12 F 0.20 0.15 - 0.17 0.09 0.21 0.27 0.21 - - 0.63 - SiO2 1.19 0.23 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 Al2O3 0.32 0.12 - 0.02 - - 0.01 0.03 - 0.01 0.02 0.02 ZnO - - - - - - 0.12 0.14 0.02 - 0.05 0.06 CaO 5.13 7.00 7.67 7.13 7.13 7.03 7.29 7.09 0.35 0.00 - - Nb2O5 42.98 48.13 51.96 51.06 50.54 50.92 51.70 48.68 1.77 2.16 2.10 2.04 La2O3 4.84 4.23 3.77 5.06 5.00 5.27 4.70 4.21 - - - - Y2O3 0.11 0.26 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.01 0.11 0.19 0.03 0.07 - 0.05 ThO2 0.58 0.23 0.22 0.00 0.07 0.27 0.26 0.21 0.02 - - 0.01 UO2 0.09 - 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.14 - - 0.02 0.06 - - Sc2O3 0.01 0.00 0.00 - - - 0.01 - 0.01 - - - TiO2 15.47 12.67 12.71 13.59 13.68 13.02 12.63 14.09 50.56 48.24 49.43 48.69 Ta2O5 0.41 0.88 0.40 0.63 0.79 0.47 0.79 1.35 0.16 0.22 0.07 - SrO 1.30 3.34 0.76 3.36 3.78 3.27 3.35 3.22 4.45 0.29 - - Ce2O3 13.84 12.89 11.21 11.98 12.30 12.31 10.93 11.83 - 0.03 - - FeO 1.18 0.86 0.32 0.77 0.72 0.29 0.56 0.44 34.65 42.71 42.78 41.78 Tb2O3 - 0.19 0.06 - - - 0.18 - 0.12 0.32 0.59 - Yb2O3 0.07 - 0.03 - - - - - - - - - Ho2O3 - 0.14 0.12 - 0.17 0.09 0.21 0.32 - - - - MgO 0.18 - 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.03 - - 0.05 0.15 0.06 0.10 Tm2O3 0.10 - 0.04 - 0.02 - - - - - 0.04 0.18 Cl 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 P2O5 0.04 - 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.01 - 0.01 0.00 0.00 Pr2O3 1.85 1.31 1.36 1.27 1.37 0.91 1.34 1.54 - - 0.01 0.11 Nd2O3 5.89 4.94 4.95 4.70 4.61 4.26 4.83 5.48 - - - - Sm2O3 0.49 0.35 0.59 0.50 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.60 - - 0.04 - Eu2O3 - - - - - - - - 0.09 0.12 0.05 0.09 Dy2O3 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.09 - 0.11 0.18 4.18 1.18 1.12 1.11 Er2O3 0.12 - - - - - 0.05 - 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.26 Total 96.49 98.00 96.81 100.71 101.28 98.98 99.97 99.92 96.84 95.91 97.31 94.55 注：“-”表示未检出。 
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表 2 大格勒地区角闪石岩中褐帘石电子探针波谱定量分析结果
Table 2 EPMA analyzed data of allanite in hornblendite from Dagele area.
元素 褐帘石11-13
（%）褐帘石11-14
（%）褐帘石11-15
（%）褐帘石11-16
（%）褐帘石11-17
（%）褐帘石11-18
（%）褐帘石11-19
（%）褐帘石11-20
（%）F 0.04 - - - - - - - SiO2 32.55 31.84 31.89 31.67 30.71 31.76 31.17 31.52 Al2O3 14.53 13.91 13.84 13.62 13.84 14.27 13.32 14.92 ZnO - - 0.12 0.02 0.05 - - - CaO 9.95 10.09 10.01 9.76 11.50 9.97 9.87 10.07 Nb2O5 0.03 - - 0.01 0.05 - - - La2O3 8.99 10.54 10.30 11.29 9.34 10.66 11.24 6.77 Y2O3 - 0.08 0.01 - 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 ThO2 0.06 0.16 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.10 UO2 0.04 0.07 - 0.03 0.02 0.05 - - Sc2O3 - 0.01 - 0.01 - - 0.00 - TiO2 1.74 1.54 1.53 1.83 1.67 1.55 2.05 1.21 Ta2O5 - - - - - - - - SrO 0.36 2.87 3.95 1.41 2.19 3.52 3.76 3.42 Ce2O3 11.68 10.86 10.68 10.25 9.99 10.70 10.31 11.37 FeO 11.17 11.74 10.88 11.69 10.99 10.95 11.86 12.28 Tb2O3 - - 0.37 0.45 - - - 0.15 Yb2O3 - - - - - 0.06 - - Ho2O3 - - - 0.01 - 0.02 - - MgO 2.65 2.25 2.30 2.42 2.14 2.39 2.27 1.05 Tm2O3 0.94 0.80 0.64 0.75 0.79 0.84 0.69 0.72 Cl 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 P2O5 0.02 0.08 0.06 - 1.28 - 0.04 0.05 Pr2O3 0.84 0.78 0.79 0.68 0.80 0.77 0.58 0.96 Nd2O3 1.92 1.50 1.52 1.34 1.76 1.50 1.29 2.89 Sm2O3 0.10 0.06 0.02 - 0.05 - - 0.04 Eu2O3 - - - - - - - - Dy2O3 0.00 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.04 - 0.01 0.11 Er2O3 0.17 0.10 0.08 - 0.03 - 0.12 0.14 Total 97.76 99.35 99.28 97.39 97.31 99.03 98.66 97.78 注：“-”表示未检出。
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