Research Progress on the Application and Interaction Mechanism between Specific Microorganisms and Heavy Metals in Soil
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摘要: 随着经济的发展，矿产资源的开采和利用程度越来越高，一方面发现有地表露头矿床的几率越来越小，另一方面其造成的重金属污染严重危害环境和人类健康。自然界中的微生物与扩散到环境中的重金属会产生相互作用，具有这种特异性的细菌既可应用于指示隐伏金属矿床，亦可应用于重金属污染生物修复。本文从特异性微生物与重金属相互作用微观机制、微生物找矿、重金属污染土壤的微生物修复三个方面，对其研究现状和进展进行了评述，重点对特异性微生物与重金属离子发生的吸附、累积与转化过程，微生物改变重金属元素分布、赋存状态和毒性作用机理，蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）与金的作用机制及其在寻找隐伏金矿的应用潜力，特异性微生物通过代谢产物吸附去除土壤中重金属元素及其辅助植物修复重金属污染等方面进行了介绍和阐述。Abstract: Economic development requires exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. It is difficult to find surface outcrop deposits, which will cause soil pollution by heavy metals that is a severe hazard to the environment and human health. Microorganisms in nature interact with heavy metals in air. Microorganisms with this specificity can be applied to metal prospect exploration and environmental bioremediation of heavy metal pollution. Interaction mechanisms between specific microorganisms and heavy metals and its application to exploration and environmental bioremediation of heavy metal pollution have been reviewed. The focus of this paper is on the adsorption, accumulation and transformation process between specific microorganisms and heavy metal ions, as well as the mechanism of microbial organisms changing heavy metal distribution, occurrence and toxicity. The interaction mechanism between Bacillus cereus and gold and its application potential to find concealed gold deposits were reviewed. Removal of heavy metals in the soil by the specific microorganism through the adsorption of metabolites and assisting plants to repair heavy metal pollution were introduced and elaborated upon.
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Keywords:
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- specific microorganism /
- microbial prospecting /
- bioremediation
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铀是现代核燃料循环体系的基础物质，使得铀矿成为十分重要的战略矿产资源。近些年来中国大力发展核电，对铀资源的需求以平均每年10.3%的速度增长[1]。目前，中国的铀矿地质工作重点已从硬岩铀矿转移到可地浸砂岩型铀矿的评价勘查，这对分析测试工作提出了新的要求[2]。铀、钍是砂岩型铀矿中的核心元素，其含量是地质找矿的主要指标[3]。建立一种能够高效、准确地测定砂岩型铀矿中铀钍的分析方法，对于矿床综合评价、矿物有效利用和地质学研究等相关领域具有重要意义。
随着测试技术的发展，仪器法被更多地应用于铀钍的测定中。现已有国家标准分析方法《硅酸盐岩石化学分析方法第30部分：44个元素量测定》(GB/T 14506.30—2010)，以电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定硅酸盐中的这两种元素[4]。除此之外，X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、激光荧光法、湿法化学法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)等方法也被广泛应用于铀钍分析测试中[5-8]。受矿物效应的影响，XRF法测定铀矿石中的微量元素效果不佳；激光荧光法主要适用于环境样品中微量铀的分析，且样品前处理较为繁琐。ICP-OES法的检出限低、基体干扰小，测定溶液中铀的检出下限为20ng/mL，在铀、钍分析上更具优势，因此也被广泛应用于相关行业的技术领域[9-14]。
砂岩型铀矿样品中含铁量较高[15]。铀矿石常用的前处理方式有敞口酸溶法[16-17]、碱溶法[18]和微波消解法。敞口酸溶法操作简便，但易造成污染，且样品分解往往不完全，导致测定的铀、钍含量偏低。碱熔法分解样品迅速且完全，可以去除大部分共存元素，缺点是会引入大量基体，前处理过程冗长，且过滤分离会去除大部分铀，无法完成对铀、钍元素的同时测定。本文在前人工作基础上，采用微波消解技术[19]对样品进行处理，在盐酸提取液中加入EDTA和三乙醇胺混合溶液作为铁掩蔽剂，消除了共存元素Fe对铀的测定干扰，采用离峰扣背景法来校准背景干扰，建立了一种ICP-OES同时测定砂岩型铀矿中铀、钍元素的高效准确、操作简便的分析方法。
1. 实验部分
1.1 仪器及工作条件
Optima 8300全谱直读电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(美国PerkinElmer公司)，SCD检测器，宝石喷嘴十字交叉雾化器(耐高盐)，Winlab32操作软件。
仪器工作条件：射频发生器功率1.3kW，冷却气(Ar)流速12L/min，雾化气(Ar)流速0.7L/min，辅助气(Ar)流速0.2L/min，进样速度1.0mL/min，进样时间30s。
高纯氩气：质量分数大于99.999%。
Mars 6高通量密闭微波消解仪器(美国CEM公司)。
1.2 标准溶液和主要试剂
铀、钍单元素标准储备溶液：浓度均为1000μg/mL，购自中国计量科学研究院。
氢氟酸、盐酸、硝酸：微电子级，购自北京兴青红精细化学品科技有限公司。
高氯酸：优级纯，购自天津市鑫源化工有限公司。
乙二胺四乙酸二钠：分析纯，购自天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司。
三乙醇胺：分析纯，购自天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司。
铁掩蔽剂的配制：称取50.0 g乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)于2000 mL烧杯中，加入500 mL三乙醇胺、1500 mL蒸馏水，搅拌均匀使之溶解完全。
去离子水：电阻率≥18MΩ·cm。
1.3 样品处理方法
以铀含量较高的铀矿石成分分析国家一级标准物质GBW04101(铀标准值为3.29%)、钍含量较高的铀矿石成分分析国家一级标准物质GBW04106(钍标准值为0.156%)，以及鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗砂岩型铀矿实际样品(经碎样工序制备成粒度为≤74μm)为实验对象。
称取0.1000g样品于微波消解罐中，用少量去离子水湿润后，缓慢加入3mL盐酸、1mL硝酸、4mL氢氟酸，稍后旋紧消解罐，置于微波消解仪中，按照表 1所列的升温程序进行消解。
表 1 微波消解升温程序Table 1. Program of microwave digestion步骤 升温时间(min) 功率(W) 温度(℃) 保持时间(min) 1 5 1200 100 0 2 5 1200 130 5 3 5 1200 180 20 待程序执行完毕，冷却开盖，用去离子水将消解液转移至聚四氟乙烯烧杯中，加入1mL高氯酸后，置于150℃的电热板上加热，待白烟冒尽后，沿杯壁加入5mL盐酸、5mL去离子水，温热溶解残渣，取下冷却后，将溶液移入250mL容量瓶中，加入10mL铁掩蔽剂，用10% 盐酸溶液定容，摇匀，待测。
1.4 标准溶液系列的配制
使用铀、钍单元素标准储备溶液逐级稀释配制成铀、钍(0、5、10、20、50、100μg/mL)混合标准溶液系列，各标准溶液中分别加入20mL的50%盐酸溶液匹配基体。采用ICP-OES对空白及标准溶液进行测定。以铀、钍元素质量浓度为横坐标，信号强度值为纵坐标，绘制标准曲线。铀元素标准曲线相关系数为0.9996，钍元素标准曲线相关系数为0.9999，满足分析要求。
2. 结果与讨论
2.1 样品处理方式的选择
三乙醇胺为碱性，容易与溶液中的铁离子发生水解产生沉淀，从而失去掩蔽作用，故样品处理采用酸溶法，使三乙醇胺掩蔽效果更好。为探究三种方法对砂岩型铀矿样品的处理效果，选取铀钍含量较高的铀矿石成分分析国家一级标准物质GBW04106(U含量推荐值为0.0504%±0.0013%，Th含量推荐值为0.156%±0.003%)分别采取氢氟酸、硝酸、盐酸、高氯酸混合酸的敞口酸溶、高压密闭消解、微波消解三种方式进行样品处理，经ICP-OES测定后结果见表 2。
表 2 国家标准物质GBW04106采用不同样品分解方式测定结果Table 2. Analytical results of elements in GBW04106 dissoluted with different digestion methods溶样方式 用酸量(mL) 溶样时间(h) 溶样温度(℃) 铀测定值(%) 钍测定值(%) 敞口酸溶高压密闭消解 252.5 427 160190 0.04760.0502 0.1370.157 微波消解 8 1.5 180 0.0495 0.151 由表 2可知，敞口酸溶法所得铀、钍测定结果偏低，这说明样品经敞口酸溶后，分解仍不完全，且在开放环境中易造成元素发生损失[20]。采用高压密闭消解的测定结果最准确，曾江萍等[21]采用高压密闭消解法测定锑矿石中的10种元素，使样品分解完全，但这种方法溶样时间较长，不适合大批量样品分析。微波消解法测定结果较好，说明该方法可使铀矿分解完全。孙秉怡等[22]和郭国龙等[23]分别以微波消解作为前处理方式对土壤和粉煤灰中的铀进行分析，取得了较好的效果。微波消解法用酸量少，溶样时间短。仅针对铀钍的测量，其技术条件完全满足测试要求，因此本文采取微波消解对样品进行处理。
2.2 分析谱线的选择
分析谱线的选择直接影响到测试结果的准确性，因此，分析谱线的选择要综合考虑元素的检出限、共存元素的干扰、背景干扰等因素[24]。铀在ICP-OES上常用的分析谱线有367.007nm、385.958nm、393.203nm、409.014nm。钍在ICP-OES上常用的分析谱线有283.730nm、339.204nm、401.913nm。本实验对标准物质GBW04106按1.3节步骤处理后在不同谱线下进行测量，测量结果见表 3。
表 3 国家标准物质GBW04106在不同谱线下的测定结果Table 3. Analytical results of elements in GBW04106 by different spectral lines标准值(%) 不同谱线下GBW04106中铀的测定值(%) 标准值(%) 不同谱线下GBW04106中钍的测定值(%) 367.007nm 385.958nm 393.203nm 409.014nm 283.730nm 339.204nm 401.913n 0.0504 0.0257 0.0611 0.124 0.0498 0.156 0.097 0.182 0.153 根据灵敏度高、背景低、少干扰选择谱线，通过试验比较，确定铀的分析谱线为409.014 nm，钍的分析谱线为401.913 nm。本实验中铀分析谱线的选择与Li等[25]基于实验确定的对铀干扰最低的分析谱线是一致的；钍分析谱线的选择与Sengupta等[26]通过实验研究确定的受干扰最小的钍的分析谱线是一致的；罗艳等[27]在用Optima 8000型ICP-OES对铀、钍测定时进行的多重谱线拟合扣除光谱干扰的研究中也选用了同样的铀、钍谱线。说明本实验对ICP-OES测定铀、钍中谱线干扰的研究与同行业者有着一致性。
2.3 铁元素干扰消除
钍元素在401.913nm处分析情况如图 1a所示，无显著干扰，可采用Optima 8300系统软件的干扰校正系数自动校正分析结果，基本上消除了共存元素的谱线干扰，采用离峰左右两点法进行背景校正，可消除测量中的背景干扰。
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图 1 (a) 钍和(b)铀元素分析线谱图Figure 1. Analytical line spectra of (a) thorium and (b) uranium铀元素在409.014nm处分析情况如图 1b所示。在测定铀时，铁元素对铀有正干扰。刘欣等[28]讨论了ICP-OES测定岩矿中铀的分析干扰，证明铁浓度在100mg/L时，其干扰使铀浓度响应为0.018mg/L。砂岩型铀矿中的铁含量较高，在此波长下对铀的干扰较为明显。
EDTA和三乙醇胺可与溶液中的铁离子形成络合物，从而起到掩蔽效果。为了最大程度地消除铁对铀的测定干扰，本实验分别采用在5μg/mL和10μg/mL的铀标准溶液中加入100mg/L和200mg/L的铁盐，加入掩蔽剂，然后采用ICP-OES在367.007nm、385.958nm、393.203nm、409.014nm处对铀进行测定，以观测掩蔽效果。加入掩蔽剂的测定结果见表 4。
表 4 有铁干扰时加入不同掩蔽剂铀的测定结果Table 4. Analytical results of uranium with different masking agents in the presence of iron interference分析谱线(nm) 5μg/mL铀标准溶液中铀测量值(μg/g) 10μg/mL铀标准溶液中铀测量值(μg/g) 步骤1 步骤2 步骤3 步骤1 步骤2 步骤3 铀标准溶液(5μg/mL) 加Fe3+量(100mg/L) 加掩蔽剂(10mL) 铀标准溶液(10μg/mL) 加Fe3+量(200mg/L) 加掩蔽剂(10mL) 367.007 4.897 6.102 5.237 9.883 11.21 10.25 385.958 5.023 5.933 5.253 10.13 10.88 10.27 393.203 5.012 5.935 5.398 10.25 10.91 10.31 409.014 5.003 5.698 4.987 10.05 10.73 10.03 由实验结果可知，铁浓度在100mg/L和200mg/L时，铀在4条分析谱线下的测定均受干扰，加入EDTA+三乙醇胺溶液后，铀的测定结果均得到最佳改善，在409.014nm处测定结果最优。因此最终选用EDTA+三乙醇胺混合溶液作为铁掩蔽剂。
在对以往文献的研究中发现，针对钍的测定加入掩蔽剂的较多，如王攀峰等[29]采用碱熔法ICP-OES测量土壤中的钍时，使用三乙醇胺-EDTA混合液进行提取以消除干扰。但本文实验中，钍在加入铁盐后的测定结果并未出现较大波动，谱线干扰也不明显，因此本节干扰试验不对钍进行讨论。
2.4 方法检出限
用相同的样品处理方法和仪器测量条件，连续测定全流程空白溶液12次，以3倍标准偏差计算方法各元素检出限，铀检出限为0.70μg/g，钍检出限为0.58μg/g。王成玲[30]以敞口酸溶ICP-OES法测定地质样品中的铀含量，方法检出限为0.72 μg/g；秦晓丽等[31]以敞口酸溶ICP-OES法测定地质样品中的钍含量，方法检出限为0.69μg/g；于阗[32]以碱熔ICP-OES法测定矿石中的钍含量，方法检出限为1.26μg/g。碱熔法相较酸溶法引入的基体较多，所以方法检出限水平更高。本实验的检出限略优于敞口酸溶法，能够满足砂岩型铀矿分析测试的需求。
2.5 方法准确度和精密度
对国家标准物质GBW04101、GBW04106，按照1.3节进行样品前处理，分别测定12份平行样品，考察该方法准确度和精密度，所得结果见表 5。根据测量所得数据计算得知，该方法的相对误差为1.47%~1.82%，相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.32%~1.78%。该方法精密度结果优于Martins等[33]采用酸溶ICP-OES法在409.014nm处测定铀、在401.913nm处测定钍的结果。经比较，本方法的准确度和精密度符合行业标准《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》(DZ/T 0130—2006)的要求，能够满足砂岩型铀矿中的铀、钍元素的分析要求。
表 5 方法准确度和精密度Table 5. Accuracy and precision tests of the method技术指标 GBW04101铀含量 GBW04106钍含量 标准值(%) 3.29 0.156 测定平均值(%) 3.34 0.159 相对误差(%) 1.52 1.92 RSD(%) 1.32 1.78 对取自鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗砂岩型铀矿实际样品(经碎样工序制备成粒度为≤74μm)分别采用碱熔法以及本文方法测定铀、钍元素。对比测定结果，不同方法测定结果的相对误差在1.17%~ 3.19%，说明本文方法能够准确测定砂岩型铀矿中的铀钍含量。
3. 结论
本文建立了一种微波消解酸溶，加入EDTA-三乙醇胺作为掩蔽剂，ICP-OES同时测定砂岩型铀矿中铀、钍的分析方法，利用EDTA和三乙醇胺与铁离子络合的特性，有效地消除了铁对铀的测定干扰，在发生器功率1300W、雾化气流速0.7L/min、进样速度1.0mL/min条件下，仪器达到最佳工作状态。相较传统测定方法，本文方法的分析效率更高，并提高了准确度，能够为砂岩型铀矿的评价勘查提供技术支撑。
本文方法也可为其他地质样品中铀、钍元素的分析提供参考。掩蔽剂的比例与加入量可能会因矿种的不同有差异，需要在以后的工作中进一步优化。
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图 1 特异性微生物与重金属离子的作用过程
Figure 1. The interactions of specific microorganisms and heavy metal ions
表 1 特异性微生物增强重金属的植物修复研究实例
Table 1 Specific microorganism enhanced phytoremediation of metal contaminated soil
特异性微生物 植物 重金属 影响机制 文献 假单孢菌(AGB-1) 芒草(Miscanthus sinensis) As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 通过增加植物生物量、叶绿素、蛋白质、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性增加重金属的累积 [77] 假单孢菌(Lk9) 龙葵(Solanum nigrum) Cd、Zn、Cu 改善土壤环境中Fe和P的活性，提高植物生物量及其对Cd、Zn、Cu的吸收 [78] 假单孢菌
(PsF84、PsF610)香天竺葵
(Pelargonium graveolens)Cr 分泌吲哚乙酸和铁载体，增加P的活性，提高植物生物量和叶绿素的含量，促进Cr(Ⅵ)在根部的螯合 [79] 拉恩菌属
(JN6)毛蓼(Polygonum pubescens)
和甘蓝型油菜
(Brassica napus)Cd、Pb、Zn 分泌吲哚乙酸和铁载体，提高植物对高浓度Cd、Pb、Zn的耐受性并促进油菜对重金属的吸收与固定 [80] 芽孢杆菌(E2S2、E1S2、E4S1)，
寡养单孢菌(E1L)景天
(Sedum plumbizincicola)Cd、Pb、Zn 接种细菌后增加Cd和Zn可提取态含量，促进植物生长及其对重金属的吸收 [81] 芽孢杆菌
(MN3-4)桤木(Alnus firma)和
甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu 分泌吲哚乙酸，促进铅的生物降解及甘蓝根幼苗根的伸长，减少金属植物毒性，促进桤木对Pb积累 [82] 微杆菌(NCr-8)，
节杆菌(NCr-1)，
芽孢杆菌(NCr-5、NCr-9)天蓝遏蓝菜
(Noccaea caerulescens)、
穿叶遏蓝菜
(Thlaspi perfoliatum)Ni 增强植物的生长和重金属Ni的迁移 [83] 沙雷氏菌
(LRE07)龙葵
(Solanum nigrum L.)Cd 促进植物生长，增加植物生物量及叶片中光合色素的含量 [84] 伯克霍尔德氏菌(SaZR4)，
鞘氨醇单孢菌
(SaMR12，Variovorax sp. SaNR1)东南景天
(Sedum alfredii Hance)Zn、Cd SaMR12和SaNR1促进植物生长及其对Zn、Cd的吸收，SaZR4只促进Zn的吸收 [85] 
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